Citation: A reference to the source of information or ideas you use
Bibliography: A list of sources consulted for a work
Annotated bibliography: A source list with a short summary and evaluation of each entry
Works Cited: MLA's list of sources actually cited
References: APA's list of sources cited
In-text citation: A brief reference inside the text pointing to the full source
Footnote: A note at the bottom of the page giving a source or comment
Endnote: A note collected at the end of a chapter or paper
MLA: Modern Language Association style, common in the humanities
APA: American Psychological Association style, common in social sciences
Chicago style: Style with notes-bibliography and author-date forms, common in history
Turabian: A student version of Chicago style
IEEE style: Numbered citation style used in engineering and computing
AMA style: American Medical Association style, used in medicine
MLA in-text format: Author's last name and page number, like (Smith 45)
APA in-text format: Author's last name and year, like (Smith, 2020)
Chicago notes format: A superscript number linking to a footnote
Hanging indent: Reference entries where the first line is flush left and later lines are indented
Alphabetical order: Reference lists are usually sorted by author's last name
Title case: Capitalizing major words in a title
Sentence case: Capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns in a title
Italicize book titles: Long works such as books and journals are italicized
Quotation marks for articles: Short works such as articles and poems go in quotation marks
DOI: Digital object identifier, a stable link to a scholarly work
URL: The web address of an online source
Access date: Date you viewed an online source, used where required
Et al.: Latin for 'and others', used for works with many authors
Ibid.: Latin for 'in the same place', used in some note styles
Direct quotation: Using an author's exact words, in quotation marks
Paraphrase: Restating an idea in your own words, still with a citation
Summary: A shorter version of the main points of a source, with a citation
Block quotation: A long quote set apart in an indented block
Ellipsis: Three dots showing omitted words in a quotation
Brackets in quotations: Used to add or change words within a quote
Plagiarism: Using someone else's words or ideas without credit
Common knowledge: Widely known facts that usually need no citation
Primary source: Original evidence from the time, like a letter or data
Secondary source: Analysis or interpretation of primary sources
Tertiary source: A summary of other sources, like an encyclopedia
Scholarly source: Work written by experts and reviewed by peers
Peer review: Evaluation of a work by other experts before publication
Credibility: How trustworthy a source is
CRAAP test: Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose: a checklist for sources
Thesis statement: A sentence stating the main argument of a paper
Abstract: A short summary of a paper
Literature review: A survey of existing research on a topic
Research question: The question a paper sets out to answer
Annotation: A note explaining or commenting on a source
Database: An organized collection of articles and records
Keyword search: Searching by important words
Boolean operators: AND, OR and NOT used to combine search terms
Citation generator: A tool that formats citations; always check the results
MLA 9 core elements: Author, title, container, contributors, version, number, publisher, date, location
Container (MLA): The larger work holding a source, like a journal or website
APA 7 title page: Title, author, affiliation, course, instructor and date
Running head: A shortened title at the top of pages
Header: Text at the top of each page, often a name and page number
Double spacing: Standard line spacing in academic papers
Font choices: Commonly 12-point Times New Roman or similar readable fonts
Margins: Typically one inch on all sides
Page numbers: Placed in the header in most styles
Appendix: Extra material placed at the end of a paper
Parenthetical citation: A citation in parentheses
Signal phrase: Words introducing a quotation, like 'According to Smith'
Attribution: Giving credit to the source of a statement
Fair use: Limited use of copyrighted material for purposes like education
Copyright: Legal protection of an author's original work
Public domain: Works no longer under copyright
Creative Commons: Licenses allowing sharing under stated conditions
Ghostwriting: Having someone else write work you present as yours
Self-plagiarism: Reusing your own previous work without disclosure
Patchwriting: Altering a source's words only slightly, which is still plagiarism
Works Consulted: Sources used for background but not cited
Secondary citation: Citing a source you read about in another source, noted as 'as cited in'
Anonymous author: Begin the entry with the title when no author is listed
Corporate author: An organization listed as the author
Edition: A particular published version of a book
Volume: One book in a multi-part work or journal year
Issue: One numbered release of a journal
Pagination: Page numbers of a work
Publisher: The company that makes a work public

Free flashcards from Peabody at peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-citation-styles