{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-college-psychology",
 "id": "tp-college-psychology",
 "title": "Intro College Psychology Concepts",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "Psychology",
 "levels": [
  "college",
  "adult"
 ],
 "description": "Classic studies, theories and ideas from an introductory psychology course.",
 "tags": [
  "psychology",
  "college"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Concept",
 "backLabel": "Explanation",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Milgram obedience study",
   "Participants often followed instructions from an authority figure even when uncomfortable"
  ],
  [
   "Stanford prison experiment",
   "Study of how assigned roles shape behavior; its methods are widely criticized"
  ],
  [
   "Asch conformity",
   "People often give wrong answers to match a group"
  ],
  [
   "Bystander intervention",
   "Helping drops when more witnesses are present"
  ],
  [
   "Diffusion of responsibility",
   "Individuals feel less personally responsible in groups"
  ],
  [
   "Social loafing",
   "People put in less effort in a group"
  ],
  [
   "Groupthink",
   "Group desire for harmony overrides critical thinking"
  ],
  [
   "Social facilitation",
   "Presence of others improves performance on easy tasks"
  ],
  [
   "Foot-in-the-door",
   "Agreeing to a small request makes a larger one more likely"
  ],
  [
   "Door-in-the-face",
   "A refused large request makes a smaller one more likely to be accepted"
  ],
  [
   "Self-serving bias",
   "Taking credit for successes and blaming outside forces for failures"
  ],
  [
   "Just-world hypothesis",
   "Belief that people get what they deserve"
  ],
  [
   "Halo effect",
   "One good trait colors judgment of the whole person"
  ],
  [
   "Stereotype",
   "A generalized belief about a group"
  ],
  [
   "Prejudice",
   "An unjustified attitude toward a group"
  ],
  [
   "Discrimination",
   "Unfair behavior toward a group"
  ],
  [
   "Implicit bias",
   "Unconscious attitudes that affect judgments"
  ],
  [
   "Contact hypothesis",
   "Positive contact between groups can reduce prejudice"
  ],
  [
   "Attribution theory",
   "How people explain causes of behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Mere exposure effect",
   "Liking something more with repeated exposure"
  ],
  [
   "Reciprocity norm",
   "Tendency to return favors"
  ],
  [
   "Self-fulfilling prophecy",
   "An expectation that causes itself to come true"
  ],
  [
   "Pygmalion effect",
   "Higher expectations lead to better performance"
  ],
  [
   "Spotlight effect",
   "Overestimating how much others notice us"
  ],
  [
   "Illusion of control",
   "Believing we influence chance events"
  ],
  [
   "Sunk cost fallacy",
   "Continuing because of past investment"
  ],
  [
   "Availability heuristic",
   "Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind"
  ],
  [
   "Anchoring",
   "Over-relying on the first piece of information"
  ],
  [
   "Framing effect",
   "Choices differ depending on how options are presented"
  ],
  [
   "Dunning-Kruger effect",
   "People with low skill may overestimate their ability"
  ],
  [
   "Hindsight bias",
   "Believing an event was predictable after it happened"
  ],
  [
   "Overconfidence",
   "Being more sure of judgments than accuracy justifies"
  ],
  [
   "Representativeness heuristic",
   "Judging by how closely something matches a typical example"
  ],
  [
   "Schema",
   "A mental framework organizing knowledge"
  ],
  [
   "Assimilation",
   "Fitting new information into existing schemas"
  ],
  [
   "Accommodation",
   "Changing schemas to fit new information"
  ],
  [
   "Theory of mind",
   "Understanding that others have different thoughts and beliefs"
  ],
  [
   "Critical period",
   "Window when experience has the greatest effect on development"
  ],
  [
   "Imprinting",
   "Rapid attachment to the first moving object seen"
  ],
  [
   "Strange Situation",
   "Ainsworth's test of infant attachment types"
  ],
  [
   "Secure attachment",
   "Infant uses a caregiver as a safe base"
  ],
  [
   "Kohlberg's moral stages",
   "Preconventional, conventional and postconventional reasoning"
  ],
  [
   "Identity vs. role confusion",
   "Erikson's adolescent task of forming a sense of self"
  ],
  [
   "Emerging adulthood",
   "Period roughly ages 18-25 of exploring identity"
  ],
  [
   "Nature vs. nurture",
   "Debate over genes versus environment"
  ],
  [
   "Heritability",
   "The share of variation in a trait in a group that is due to genetic differences"
  ],
  [
   "Twin study",
   "Compares identical and fraternal twins to separate genes and environment"
  ],
  [
   "Epigenetics",
   "Environmental effects on gene activity without changing DNA"
  ],
  [
   "Temperament",
   "Inborn emotional reactivity"
  ],
  [
   "Reticular formation",
   "Brain structure controlling alertness"
  ],
  [
   "Thalamus",
   "Sensory relay station"
  ],
  [
   "Limbic system",
   "Brain circuits for emotion and memory"
  ],
  [
   "Prefrontal cortex",
   "Area for planning, judgment and self-control"
  ],
  [
   "Phineas Gage",
   "Railroad worker whose injury showed frontal lobe roles in personality"
  ],
  [
   "Split brain",
   "Severing the corpus callosum affects communication between hemispheres"
  ],
  [
   "Lateralization",
   "Different functions in each hemisphere"
  ],
  [
   "Mirror neurons",
   "Neurons that fire both when acting and when watching others act"
  ],
  [
   "Blind spot",
   "Spot on the retina with no receptors"
  ],
  [
   "Rods and cones",
   "Retinal cells for dim light and for color"
  ],
  [
   "Trichromatic theory",
   "Color vision from three receptor types"
  ],
  [
   "Opponent-process theory",
   "Color perception through opposing pairs"
  ],
  [
   "Place theory",
   "Pitch is determined by where on the cochlea the wave peaks"
  ],
  [
   "Gate-control theory",
   "Pain signals can be blocked at the spinal cord"
  ],
  [
   "Signal detection theory",
   "How we detect faint stimuli amid noise"
  ],
  [
   "Selective attention",
   "Focusing on one stimulus"
  ],
  [
   "Inattentional blindness",
   "Failing to notice an unexpected object while focused elsewhere"
  ],
  [
   "Change blindness",
   "Failing to notice changes in a scene"
  ],
  [
   "Cocktail party effect",
   "Hearing your name in a noisy room"
  ],
  [
   "Stages of sleep",
   "Light sleep, deep sleep, and REM, cycling through the night"
  ],
  [
   "Hypnosis",
   "A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility"
  ],
  [
   "Habituation",
   "Decreased response to repeated stimulus"
  ],
  [
   "Latent learning",
   "Learning that is not shown until needed"
  ],
  [
   "Learned helplessness",
   "Giving up after repeated uncontrollable events"
  ],
  [
   "Taste aversion",
   "Avoiding a food linked with sickness; learned in one try"
  ],
  [
   "Shaping",
   "Reinforcing steps toward a target behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Spontaneous recovery",
   "Return of an extinguished response after rest"
  ],
  [
   "Generalization",
   "Responding similarly to similar stimuli"
  ],
  [
   "Discrimination (learning)",
   "Responding only to specific stimuli"
  ],
  [
   "Flashbulb memory",
   "Vivid memory of an emotional event"
  ],
  [
   "Serial position effect",
   "Remembering first and last items best"
  ],
  [
   "Chunking",
   "Grouping information into units"
  ],
  [
   "Levels of processing",
   "Deeper thinking leads to stronger memory"
  ],
  [
   "Method of loci",
   "Memory technique linking items to places"
  ],
  [
   "Misinformation effect",
   "Memory distorted by later information"
  ],
  [
   "Source amnesia",
   "Forgetting where information was learned"
  ],
  [
   "Tip-of-the-tongue",
   "Feeling that a word is known but not recalled"
  ],
  [
   "Context-dependent memory",
   "Easier recall in the setting where learning happened"
  ],
  [
   "Ebbinghaus forgetting curve",
   "Forgetting is fastest soon after learning"
  ],
  [
   "Linguistic relativity",
   "The idea that language shapes thought"
  ],
  [
   "Fluid intelligence",
   "Ability to reason and solve new problems"
  ],
  [
   "Crystallized intelligence",
   "Accumulated knowledge and skills"
  ],
  [
   "Multiple intelligences",
   "Gardner's proposal of several distinct kinds of intelligence"
  ],
  [
   "Flynn effect",
   "Rising average test scores over generations"
  ],
  [
   "Yerkes-Dodson law",
   "Performance is best at moderate arousal"
  ],
  [
   "Drive-reduction theory",
   "Behavior is motivated to reduce internal tension"
  ],
  [
   "Set point theory",
   "Body tends to maintain a particular weight"
  ],
  [
   "Self-determination theory",
   "Motivation depends on autonomy, competence and relatedness"
  ],
  [
   "Display rules",
   "Cultural norms for showing emotion"
  ],
  [
   "Stress response",
   "Alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages in Selye's model"
  ],
  [
   "Eustress",
   "Positive, motivating stress"
  ],
  [
   "Coping",
   "Efforts to manage stress"
  ],
  [
   "Locus of control",
   "Belief about whether control lies within or outside oneself"
  ],
  [
   "Positive psychology",
   "Study of strengths and well-being"
  ],
  [
   "Flow",
   "Being fully absorbed in an activity"
  ]
 ]
}