#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Ad hominem Attacking the person instead of the argument (You can't trust her plan; she's always late.) tp-logical-fallacies Straw man Misrepresenting someone's view to make it easier to attack tp-logical-fallacies False dilemma Presenting only two options when more exist (You're either with us or against us.) tp-logical-fallacies Slippery slope Claiming one step will inevitably lead to extreme results without evidence tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to authority Treating a claim as true only because an authority said it, especially outside their field tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to popularity Arguing something is true because many people believe it tp-logical-fallacies Bandwagon Urging someone to do it because everyone else is tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to tradition Arguing something is right because it has always been done tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to novelty Arguing something is better because it is new tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to emotion Using feelings in place of evidence tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to pity Using sympathy to win agreement tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to fear Using scare tactics instead of evidence tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to nature Claiming something is good because it is natural tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to ignorance Claiming something is true because it has not been proven false tp-logical-fallacies Circular reasoning The conclusion is assumed in the premise (He is honest because he never lies.) tp-logical-fallacies Begging the question Treating the thing to be proved as already true tp-logical-fallacies Hasty generalization Drawing a broad conclusion from too few examples tp-logical-fallacies Anecdotal evidence Using a personal story as proof of a general claim tp-logical-fallacies Cherry-picking Choosing only data that supports your claim tp-logical-fallacies Post hoc ergo propter hoc Assuming A caused B because B followed A tp-logical-fallacies Correlation is not causation Two things changing together does not show one causes the other tp-logical-fallacies Red herring Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract tp-logical-fallacies Tu quoque Dismissing a point because the speaker does the same thing tp-logical-fallacies Genetic fallacy Judging an idea by its origin instead of its merits tp-logical-fallacies Guilt by association Rejecting an idea because of who supports it tp-logical-fallacies Poisoning the well Discrediting a source before it can speak tp-logical-fallacies Equivocation Using a word in two different senses in one argument tp-logical-fallacies Composition fallacy Assuming what is true of parts is true of the whole tp-logical-fallacies Division fallacy Assuming what is true of the whole is true of each part tp-logical-fallacies Burden of proof shift Demanding others disprove a claim instead of supporting it tp-logical-fallacies No true Scotsman Redefining a group to exclude counterexamples tp-logical-fallacies Moving the goalposts Changing the standard of proof after it has been met tp-logical-fallacies Loaded question A question that contains an unfair assumption (Have you stopped cheating?) tp-logical-fallacies Middle ground fallacy Assuming the truth must lie halfway between two positions tp-logical-fallacies Texas sharpshooter Finding patterns after the fact and ignoring the rest of the data tp-logical-fallacies Gambler's fallacy Believing past random events change future odds tp-logical-fallacies Sunk cost fallacy Continuing because of what was already invested tp-logical-fallacies Special pleading Excusing your own case from a rule without good reason tp-logical-fallacies False cause Claiming a causal link without proof tp-logical-fallacies Non sequitur A conclusion that does not follow from the premises tp-logical-fallacies Affirming the consequent If P then Q; Q, therefore P (invalid) tp-logical-fallacies Denying the antecedent If P then Q; not P, therefore not Q (invalid) tp-logical-fallacies Modus ponens If P then Q; P; therefore Q (valid) tp-logical-fallacies Modus tollens If P then Q; not Q; therefore not P (valid) tp-logical-fallacies Syllogism A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion tp-logical-fallacies Deductive reasoning Moving from general premises to a certain conclusion tp-logical-fallacies Inductive reasoning Moving from specific cases to a probable general conclusion tp-logical-fallacies Sound argument A valid argument with true premises tp-logical-fallacies Valid argument A conclusion that follows logically from the premises tp-logical-fallacies Weak analogy Comparing things that are not alike in relevant ways tp-logical-fallacies Ambiguity fallacy Relying on unclear wording to mislead tp-logical-fallacies Fallacy of the single cause Blaming one factor for a complex outcome tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to accomplishment Dismissing a claim because of someone's success or lack of it tp-logical-fallacies Argument from incredulity Claiming something is false because it is hard to imagine tp-logical-fallacies Naturalistic fallacy Deriving what ought to be from what is tp-logical-fallacies Survivorship bias Focusing on successes and overlooking the failures tp-logical-fallacies Confirmation bias Favoring information that fits existing beliefs tp-logical-fallacies False equivalence Treating two very different things as equal tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to the stone Dismissing a claim as absurd without showing why tp-logical-fallacies Hasty conclusion from small sample Overgeneralizing from limited cases tp-logical-fallacies Ad populum Latin name for appeal to the crowd tp-logical-fallacies Ad verecundiam Latin name for appeal to authority tp-logical-fallacies Ad ignorantiam Latin name for appeal to ignorance tp-logical-fallacies Argumentum ad baculum Appeal to force or threats tp-logical-fallacies Reductio ad absurdum Showing a claim is false by following it to an absurd result tp-logical-fallacies Ad nauseam Repeating a claim until people accept it tp-logical-fallacies Fallacy fallacy Assuming a conclusion is false because the argument for it is flawed tp-logical-fallacies Is-ought problem Facts alone do not tell us what we should do tp-logical-fallacies Occam's razor Prefer the simpler explanation that fits the facts tp-logical-fallacies Hume's guillotine Another name for the is-ought gap tp-logical-fallacies Burden of proof The person making a claim must support it tp-logical-fallacies Falsifiability A claim should be testable and possible to prove wrong tp-logical-fallacies Argument from silence Concluding something from the lack of evidence against it tp-logical-fallacies Fallacy of composition example Each player is good, so the team must be good tp-logical-fallacies Appeal to money Assuming something is right because it is expensive or profitable tp-logical-fallacies Whataboutism Deflecting criticism by pointing to someone else's faults tp-logical-fallacies