{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-body-systems",
 "id": "tp-med-body-systems",
 "title": "Body Systems: Terms and Functions",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "Anatomy and Physiology",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college",
  "adult"
 ],
 "description": "Key terms across the eleven organ systems of the human body.",
 "tags": [
  "anatomy",
  "physiology",
  "body-systems"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Homeostasis",
   "Keeping the body's internal conditions stable"
  ],
  [
   "Integumentary system",
   "Skin, hair, nails and glands"
  ],
  [
   "Epidermis",
   "Outer layer of skin"
  ],
  [
   "Dermis",
   "Layer of skin with blood vessels, nerves and glands"
  ],
  [
   "Hypodermis",
   "Fatty layer beneath the skin"
  ],
  [
   "Melanin",
   "Pigment that gives skin its color and absorbs UV"
  ],
  [
   "Sebaceous gland",
   "Gland that makes oil (sebum)"
  ],
  [
   "Sudoriferous gland",
   "Sweat gland"
  ],
  [
   "Keratin",
   "Tough protein in skin, hair and nails"
  ],
  [
   "Skeletal system",
   "Bones, cartilage and joints"
  ],
  [
   "Osteocyte",
   "Mature bone cell"
  ],
  [
   "Compact bone",
   "Dense outer bone layer"
  ],
  [
   "Spongy bone",
   "Porous inner bone containing marrow"
  ],
  [
   "Red bone marrow",
   "Tissue that makes blood cells"
  ],
  [
   "Ligament",
   "Tissue connecting bone to bone"
  ],
  [
   "Tendon",
   "Tissue connecting muscle to bone"
  ],
  [
   "Cartilage",
   "Flexible connective tissue cushioning joints"
  ],
  [
   "Synovial joint",
   "Freely movable joint with fluid-filled cavity"
  ],
  [
   "Muscular system",
   "Muscles that produce movement"
  ],
  [
   "Skeletal muscle",
   "Voluntary striated muscle attached to bones"
  ],
  [
   "Smooth muscle",
   "Involuntary muscle in walls of organs"
  ],
  [
   "Cardiac muscle",
   "Involuntary striated muscle of the heart"
  ],
  [
   "Sarcomere",
   "Basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber"
  ],
  [
   "Actin and myosin",
   "Protein filaments that slide past each other to contract muscle"
  ],
  [
   "Nervous system",
   "Brain, spinal cord and nerves"
  ],
  [
   "Neuron",
   "Nerve cell"
  ],
  [
   "Synapse",
   "Junction where neurons communicate"
  ],
  [
   "Cerebrum",
   "Largest part of the brain; thinking and voluntary action"
  ],
  [
   "Cerebellum",
   "Brain part that coordinates balance and movement"
  ],
  [
   "Brainstem",
   "Controls breathing, heart rate and basic life functions"
  ],
  [
   "Autonomic nervous system",
   "Controls involuntary actions"
  ],
  [
   "Reflex arc",
   "Quick automatic pathway from stimulus to response"
  ],
  [
   "Myelin",
   "Fatty coating that speeds nerve signals"
  ],
  [
   "Endocrine system",
   "Glands that release hormones into the blood"
  ],
  [
   "Hormone",
   "A chemical messenger"
  ],
  [
   "Pituitary gland",
   "Master gland controlling other glands"
  ],
  [
   "Thyroid gland",
   "Controls metabolism"
  ],
  [
   "Pancreas",
   "Makes insulin and digestive enzymes"
  ],
  [
   "Insulin",
   "Hormone that lowers blood glucose"
  ],
  [
   "Adrenal gland",
   "Makes hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol"
  ],
  [
   "Cardiovascular system",
   "Heart and blood vessels"
  ],
  [
   "Atrium",
   "Upper heart chamber that receives blood"
  ],
  [
   "Ventricle",
   "Lower heart chamber that pumps blood out"
  ],
  [
   "Artery",
   "Vessel carrying blood away from the heart"
  ],
  [
   "Vein",
   "Vessel carrying blood toward the heart"
  ],
  [
   "Capillary",
   "Tiny vessel where exchange occurs"
  ],
  [
   "Systolic pressure",
   "Pressure when the heart contracts"
  ],
  [
   "Diastolic pressure",
   "Pressure when the heart relaxes"
  ],
  [
   "Erythrocyte",
   "Red blood cell; carries oxygen"
  ],
  [
   "Leukocyte",
   "White blood cell; fights infection"
  ],
  [
   "Thrombocyte",
   "Platelet; helps blood clot"
  ],
  [
   "Hemoglobin",
   "Iron-containing protein that carries oxygen"
  ],
  [
   "Plasma",
   "Liquid part of blood"
  ],
  [
   "Lymphatic system",
   "Vessels and organs that drain fluid and defend against disease"
  ],
  [
   "Lymph node",
   "Small organ that filters lymph"
  ],
  [
   "Spleen",
   "Organ that filters blood and stores platelets"
  ],
  [
   "Thymus",
   "Organ where T cells mature"
  ],
  [
   "Immune system",
   "Cells and tissues that defend against pathogens"
  ],
  [
   "Antibody",
   "Protein that recognizes and binds to an antigen"
  ],
  [
   "Antigen",
   "A substance that triggers an immune response"
  ],
  [
   "Respiratory system",
   "Organs for gas exchange"
  ],
  [
   "Alveoli",
   "Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gases are exchanged"
  ],
  [
   "Diaphragm",
   "Muscle under the lungs that drives breathing"
  ],
  [
   "Trachea",
   "Windpipe"
  ],
  [
   "Bronchi",
   "Two main airways into the lungs"
  ],
  [
   "Larynx",
   "Voice box"
  ],
  [
   "Digestive system",
   "Organs that break down food and absorb nutrients"
  ],
  [
   "Esophagus",
   "Tube from throat to stomach"
  ],
  [
   "Peristalsis",
   "Wave-like muscle contractions moving food"
  ],
  [
   "Stomach",
   "Organ that churns food with acid and enzymes"
  ],
  [
   "Small intestine",
   "Main site of nutrient absorption"
  ],
  [
   "Large intestine",
   "Absorbs water and forms stool"
  ],
  [
   "Liver",
   "Makes bile, processes nutrients and detoxifies"
  ],
  [
   "Gallbladder",
   "Stores bile"
  ],
  [
   "Villi",
   "Finger-like folds that absorb nutrients in the small intestine"
  ],
  [
   "Urinary system",
   "Organs that filter blood and remove liquid waste"
  ],
  [
   "Kidney",
   "Filters blood and makes urine"
  ],
  [
   "Nephron",
   "Filtering unit of the kidney"
  ],
  [
   "Ureter",
   "Tube from kidney to bladder"
  ],
  [
   "Urinary bladder",
   "Stores urine"
  ],
  [
   "Urethra",
   "Tube carrying urine out of the body"
  ],
  [
   "Reproductive system",
   "Organs for producing offspring"
  ],
  [
   "Gamete",
   "A reproductive cell: sperm or egg"
  ],
  [
   "Ovary",
   "Female organ that makes eggs"
  ],
  [
   "Testis",
   "Male organ that makes sperm"
  ],
  [
   "Uterus",
   "Organ where a fetus develops"
  ],
  [
   "Zygote",
   "Cell formed when sperm fertilizes an egg"
  ],
  [
   "Fetus",
   "Developing baby after about eight weeks"
  ],
  [
   "Placenta",
   "Organ that nourishes the fetus"
  ],
  [
   "Anatomical position",
   "Standing upright, facing forward, palms forward"
  ],
  [
   "Sagittal plane",
   "Divides the body into left and right"
  ],
  [
   "Frontal (coronal) plane",
   "Divides the body into front and back"
  ],
  [
   "Transverse plane",
   "Divides the body into top and bottom"
  ],
  [
   "Proximal",
   "Closer to the point of attachment"
  ],
  [
   "Distal",
   "Farther from the point of attachment"
  ],
  [
   "Superior",
   "Toward the head"
  ],
  [
   "Inferior",
   "Toward the feet"
  ],
  [
   "Anterior",
   "Toward the front"
  ],
  [
   "Posterior",
   "Toward the back"
  ],
  [
   "Medial",
   "Toward the midline"
  ],
  [
   "Lateral",
   "Away from the midline"
  ],
  [
   "Superficial",
   "Near the surface"
  ],
  [
   "Deep",
   "Farther from the surface"
  ]
 ]
}