{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-orgchem-functional-groups",
 "id": "tp-orgchem-functional-groups",
 "title": "Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "Organic Chemistry",
 "levels": [
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Names and structures of common functional groups.",
 "tags": [
  "chemistry",
  "organic"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Group",
 "backLabel": "Structure and notes",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Alkane",
   "Only C-C single bonds; saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2)"
  ],
  [
   "Alkene",
   "Contains a C=C double bond"
  ],
  [
   "Alkyne",
   "Contains a C-C triple bond"
  ],
  [
   "Aromatic ring",
   "Cyclic ring with delocalized pi electrons, like benzene"
  ],
  [
   "Alkyl halide",
   "R-X where X is F, Cl, Br or I"
  ],
  [
   "Alcohol",
   "R-OH; a hydroxyl on a saturated carbon"
  ],
  [
   "Phenol",
   "OH group attached directly to an aromatic ring"
  ],
  [
   "Ether",
   "R-O-R'; oxygen between two carbons"
  ],
  [
   "Epoxide",
   "A three-membered ring containing oxygen"
  ],
  [
   "Thiol",
   "R-SH; sulfur analog of alcohol"
  ],
  [
   "Sulfide (thioether)",
   "R-S-R'"
  ],
  [
   "Disulfide",
   "R-S-S-R'"
  ],
  [
   "Aldehyde",
   "RCHO; carbonyl at the end of a carbon chain"
  ],
  [
   "Ketone",
   "R-CO-R'; carbonyl between two carbons"
  ],
  [
   "Carboxylic acid",
   "R-COOH"
  ],
  [
   "Ester",
   "R-COO-R'"
  ],
  [
   "Amide",
   "R-CO-NR2; carbonyl bonded to nitrogen"
  ],
  [
   "Acid chloride",
   "R-COCl; very reactive acid derivative"
  ],
  [
   "Acid anhydride",
   "Two acyl groups joined through an oxygen"
  ],
  [
   "Nitrile",
   "R-C triple bond N"
  ],
  [
   "Amine",
   "Nitrogen bonded to carbon with lone pair; basic"
  ],
  [
   "Primary amine",
   "RNH2"
  ],
  [
   "Secondary amine",
   "R2NH"
  ],
  [
   "Tertiary amine",
   "R3N"
  ],
  [
   "Quaternary ammonium",
   "N bonded to four carbons with positive charge"
  ],
  [
   "Imine",
   "C=N double bond"
  ],
  [
   "Nitro group",
   "R-NO2"
  ],
  [
   "Azide",
   "R-N3"
  ],
  [
   "Carbonyl",
   "C=O double bond"
  ],
  [
   "Hydroxyl",
   "-OH group"
  ],
  [
   "Carboxyl",
   "-COOH group"
  ],
  [
   "Amino",
   "-NH2 group"
  ],
  [
   "Methyl",
   "-CH3"
  ],
  [
   "Ethyl",
   "-CH2CH3"
  ],
  [
   "Propyl",
   "-CH2CH2CH3"
  ],
  [
   "Isopropyl",
   "-CH(CH3)2"
  ],
  [
   "Butyl",
   "Four-carbon chain group"
  ],
  [
   "tert-Butyl",
   "-C(CH3)3"
  ],
  [
   "Vinyl",
   "-CH=CH2"
  ],
  [
   "Allyl",
   "-CH2-CH=CH2"
  ],
  [
   "Phenyl",
   "-C6H5"
  ],
  [
   "Benzyl",
   "-CH2-C6H5"
  ],
  [
   "Acetyl",
   "-COCH3"
  ],
  [
   "Cycloalkane",
   "Alkane arranged in a ring"
  ],
  [
   "Diene",
   "Two double bonds"
  ],
  [
   "Conjugated diene",
   "Double bonds separated by one single bond"
  ],
  [
   "Cumulene",
   "Consecutive double bonds"
  ],
  [
   "Enol",
   "A C=C bonded to an OH"
  ],
  [
   "Enolate",
   "Anion formed by removing the alpha proton from a carbonyl"
  ],
  [
   "Hemiacetal",
   "A carbon bonded to both OH and OR"
  ],
  [
   "Acetal",
   "A carbon bonded to two OR groups"
  ],
  [
   "Lactone",
   "A cyclic ester"
  ],
  [
   "Lactam",
   "A cyclic amide"
  ],
  [
   "Peptide bond",
   "Amide bond linking amino acids"
  ],
  [
   "Glycosidic bond",
   "Linkage between sugar units"
  ],
  [
   "Phosphate ester",
   "Ester formed with phosphoric acid"
  ],
  [
   "Sulfonic acid",
   "R-SO3H"
  ],
  [
   "Isocyanate",
   "R-N=C=O"
  ],
  [
   "Hydrazine",
   "N-N single bond derivative"
  ],
  [
   "Carbamate",
   "R-O-CO-NR2"
  ],
  [
   "Urea",
   "Carbonyl bonded to two nitrogens"
  ],
  [
   "Heterocycle",
   "A ring containing at least one atom other than carbon"
  ],
  [
   "Pyridine",
   "Six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen"
  ],
  [
   "Furan",
   "Five-membered aromatic ring with one oxygen"
  ],
  [
   "Pyrrole",
   "Five-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen"
  ],
  [
   "Thiophene",
   "Five-membered aromatic ring with one sulfur"
  ],
  [
   "Priority of groups in naming",
   "Acids > esters > amides > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -ol",
   "Alcohol"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -al",
   "Aldehyde"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -one",
   "Ketone"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -oic acid",
   "Carboxylic acid"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -oate",
   "Ester"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -amide",
   "Amide"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -amine",
   "Amine"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -nitrile",
   "Nitrile"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -ene",
   "Alkene"
  ],
  [
   "IUPAC suffix -yne",
   "Alkyne"
  ],
  [
   "Chirality center",
   "A carbon bonded to four different groups"
  ],
  [
   "Enantiomers",
   "Non-superimposable mirror image molecules"
  ],
  [
   "Diastereomers",
   "Stereoisomers that are not mirror images"
  ],
  [
   "Constitutional isomers",
   "Same formula, different connectivity"
  ],
  [
   "R/S configuration",
   "Labels for chirality using CIP priority rules"
  ],
  [
   "E/Z configuration",
   "Labels for alkene geometry using CIP rules"
  ],
  [
   "Hydrogen bond donor",
   "N-H or O-H group"
  ],
  [
   "Hydrophilic group",
   "A polar group that interacts with water"
  ],
  [
   "Hydrophobic group",
   "A nonpolar group that avoids water"
  ],
  [
   "Degree of unsaturation",
   "Rings plus pi bonds in a molecule"
  ],
  [
   "Markovnikov's rule",
   "In HX addition to alkenes, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens"
  ]
 ]
}