#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Alkane Only C-C single bonds; saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2) tp-orgchem-functional-groups Alkene Contains a C=C double bond tp-orgchem-functional-groups Alkyne Contains a C-C triple bond tp-orgchem-functional-groups Aromatic ring Cyclic ring with delocalized pi electrons, like benzene tp-orgchem-functional-groups Alkyl halide R-X where X is F, Cl, Br or I tp-orgchem-functional-groups Alcohol R-OH; a hydroxyl on a saturated carbon tp-orgchem-functional-groups Phenol OH group attached directly to an aromatic ring tp-orgchem-functional-groups Ether R-O-R'; oxygen between two carbons tp-orgchem-functional-groups Epoxide A three-membered ring containing oxygen tp-orgchem-functional-groups Thiol R-SH; sulfur analog of alcohol tp-orgchem-functional-groups Sulfide (thioether) R-S-R' tp-orgchem-functional-groups Disulfide R-S-S-R' tp-orgchem-functional-groups Aldehyde RCHO; carbonyl at the end of a carbon chain tp-orgchem-functional-groups Ketone R-CO-R'; carbonyl between two carbons tp-orgchem-functional-groups Carboxylic acid R-COOH tp-orgchem-functional-groups Ester R-COO-R' tp-orgchem-functional-groups Amide R-CO-NR2; carbonyl bonded to nitrogen tp-orgchem-functional-groups Acid chloride R-COCl; very reactive acid derivative tp-orgchem-functional-groups Acid anhydride Two acyl groups joined through an oxygen tp-orgchem-functional-groups Nitrile R-C triple bond N tp-orgchem-functional-groups Amine Nitrogen bonded to carbon with lone pair; basic tp-orgchem-functional-groups Primary amine RNH2 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Secondary amine R2NH tp-orgchem-functional-groups Tertiary amine R3N tp-orgchem-functional-groups Quaternary ammonium N bonded to four carbons with positive charge tp-orgchem-functional-groups Imine C=N double bond tp-orgchem-functional-groups Nitro group R-NO2 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Azide R-N3 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Carbonyl C=O double bond tp-orgchem-functional-groups Hydroxyl -OH group tp-orgchem-functional-groups Carboxyl -COOH group tp-orgchem-functional-groups Amino -NH2 group tp-orgchem-functional-groups Methyl -CH3 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Ethyl -CH2CH3 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Propyl -CH2CH2CH3 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Isopropyl -CH(CH3)2 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Butyl Four-carbon chain group tp-orgchem-functional-groups tert-Butyl -C(CH3)3 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Vinyl -CH=CH2 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Allyl -CH2-CH=CH2 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Phenyl -C6H5 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Benzyl -CH2-C6H5 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Acetyl -COCH3 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Cycloalkane Alkane arranged in a ring tp-orgchem-functional-groups Diene Two double bonds tp-orgchem-functional-groups Conjugated diene Double bonds separated by one single bond tp-orgchem-functional-groups Cumulene Consecutive double bonds tp-orgchem-functional-groups Enol A C=C bonded to an OH tp-orgchem-functional-groups Enolate Anion formed by removing the alpha proton from a carbonyl tp-orgchem-functional-groups Hemiacetal A carbon bonded to both OH and OR tp-orgchem-functional-groups Acetal A carbon bonded to two OR groups tp-orgchem-functional-groups Lactone A cyclic ester tp-orgchem-functional-groups Lactam A cyclic amide tp-orgchem-functional-groups Peptide bond Amide bond linking amino acids tp-orgchem-functional-groups Glycosidic bond Linkage between sugar units tp-orgchem-functional-groups Phosphate ester Ester formed with phosphoric acid tp-orgchem-functional-groups Sulfonic acid R-SO3H tp-orgchem-functional-groups Isocyanate R-N=C=O tp-orgchem-functional-groups Hydrazine N-N single bond derivative tp-orgchem-functional-groups Carbamate R-O-CO-NR2 tp-orgchem-functional-groups Urea Carbonyl bonded to two nitrogens tp-orgchem-functional-groups Heterocycle A ring containing at least one atom other than carbon tp-orgchem-functional-groups Pyridine Six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen tp-orgchem-functional-groups Furan Five-membered aromatic ring with one oxygen tp-orgchem-functional-groups Pyrrole Five-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen tp-orgchem-functional-groups Thiophene Five-membered aromatic ring with one sulfur tp-orgchem-functional-groups Priority of groups in naming Acids > esters > amides > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -ol Alcohol tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -al Aldehyde tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -one Ketone tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -oic acid Carboxylic acid tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -oate Ester tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -amide Amide tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -amine Amine tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -nitrile Nitrile tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -ene Alkene tp-orgchem-functional-groups IUPAC suffix -yne Alkyne tp-orgchem-functional-groups Chirality center A carbon bonded to four different groups tp-orgchem-functional-groups Enantiomers Non-superimposable mirror image molecules tp-orgchem-functional-groups Diastereomers Stereoisomers that are not mirror images tp-orgchem-functional-groups Constitutional isomers Same formula, different connectivity tp-orgchem-functional-groups R/S configuration Labels for chirality using CIP priority rules tp-orgchem-functional-groups E/Z configuration Labels for alkene geometry using CIP rules tp-orgchem-functional-groups Hydrogen bond donor N-H or O-H group tp-orgchem-functional-groups Hydrophilic group A polar group that interacts with water tp-orgchem-functional-groups Hydrophobic group A nonpolar group that avoids water tp-orgchem-functional-groups Degree of unsaturation Rings plus pi bonds in a molecule tp-orgchem-functional-groups Markovnikov's rule In HX addition to alkenes, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens tp-orgchem-functional-groups