Alkane: Only C-C single bonds; saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2)
Alkene: Contains a C=C double bond
Alkyne: Contains a C-C triple bond
Aromatic ring: Cyclic ring with delocalized pi electrons, like benzene
Alkyl halide: R-X where X is F, Cl, Br or I
Alcohol: R-OH; a hydroxyl on a saturated carbon
Phenol: OH group attached directly to an aromatic ring
Ether: R-O-R'; oxygen between two carbons
Epoxide: A three-membered ring containing oxygen
Thiol: R-SH; sulfur analog of alcohol
Sulfide (thioether): R-S-R'
Disulfide: R-S-S-R'
Aldehyde: RCHO; carbonyl at the end of a carbon chain
Ketone: R-CO-R'; carbonyl between two carbons
Carboxylic acid: R-COOH
Ester: R-COO-R'
Amide: R-CO-NR2; carbonyl bonded to nitrogen
Acid chloride: R-COCl; very reactive acid derivative
Acid anhydride: Two acyl groups joined through an oxygen
Nitrile: R-C triple bond N
Amine: Nitrogen bonded to carbon with lone pair; basic
Primary amine: RNH2
Secondary amine: R2NH
Tertiary amine: R3N
Quaternary ammonium: N bonded to four carbons with positive charge
Imine: C=N double bond
Nitro group: R-NO2
Azide: R-N3
Carbonyl: C=O double bond
Hydroxyl: -OH group
Carboxyl: -COOH group
Amino: -NH2 group
Methyl: -CH3
Ethyl: -CH2CH3
Propyl: -CH2CH2CH3
Isopropyl: -CH(CH3)2
Butyl: Four-carbon chain group
tert-Butyl: -C(CH3)3
Vinyl: -CH=CH2
Allyl: -CH2-CH=CH2
Phenyl: -C6H5
Benzyl: -CH2-C6H5
Acetyl: -COCH3
Cycloalkane: Alkane arranged in a ring
Diene: Two double bonds
Conjugated diene: Double bonds separated by one single bond
Cumulene: Consecutive double bonds
Enol: A C=C bonded to an OH
Enolate: Anion formed by removing the alpha proton from a carbonyl
Hemiacetal: A carbon bonded to both OH and OR
Acetal: A carbon bonded to two OR groups
Lactone: A cyclic ester
Lactam: A cyclic amide
Peptide bond: Amide bond linking amino acids
Glycosidic bond: Linkage between sugar units
Phosphate ester: Ester formed with phosphoric acid
Sulfonic acid: R-SO3H
Isocyanate: R-N=C=O
Hydrazine: N-N single bond derivative
Carbamate: R-O-CO-NR2
Urea: Carbonyl bonded to two nitrogens
Heterocycle: A ring containing at least one atom other than carbon
Pyridine: Six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen
Furan: Five-membered aromatic ring with one oxygen
Pyrrole: Five-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen
Thiophene: Five-membered aromatic ring with one sulfur
Priority of groups in naming: Acids > esters > amides > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines
IUPAC suffix -ol: Alcohol
IUPAC suffix -al: Aldehyde
IUPAC suffix -one: Ketone
IUPAC suffix -oic acid: Carboxylic acid
IUPAC suffix -oate: Ester
IUPAC suffix -amide: Amide
IUPAC suffix -amine: Amine
IUPAC suffix -nitrile: Nitrile
IUPAC suffix -ene: Alkene
IUPAC suffix -yne: Alkyne
Chirality center: A carbon bonded to four different groups
Enantiomers: Non-superimposable mirror image molecules
Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that are not mirror images
Constitutional isomers: Same formula, different connectivity
R/S configuration: Labels for chirality using CIP priority rules
E/Z configuration: Labels for alkene geometry using CIP rules
Hydrogen bond donor: N-H or O-H group
Hydrophilic group: A polar group that interacts with water
Hydrophobic group: A nonpolar group that avoids water
Degree of unsaturation: Rings plus pi bonds in a molecule
Markovnikov's rule: In HX addition to alkenes, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens

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