{ "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-philosophy-concepts", "id": "tp-philosophy-concepts", "title": "Philosophy Concepts", "category": "test-prep", "subject": "Philosophy", "levels": [ "9-12", "college", "adult" ], "description": "Big ideas in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, logic and political philosophy.", "tags": [ "philosophy", "ethics" ], "frontLabel": "Concept", "backLabel": "Meaning", "cards": [ [ "Metaphysics", "The study of the basic nature of reality" ], [ "Epistemology", "The study of knowledge and how we know things" ], [ "Ethics", "The study of right and wrong, good and bad" ], [ "Logic", "The study of correct reasoning" ], [ "Aesthetics", "The study of beauty and art" ], [ "Ontology", "The study of what exists" ], [ "Dualism", "The view that mind and body are distinct kinds of things" ], [ "Monism", "The view that reality is made of one kind of thing" ], [ "Materialism", "The view that everything is physical" ], [ "Idealism", "The view that reality is fundamentally mental" ], [ "Empiricism", "Knowledge comes mainly from sense experience" ], [ "Rationalism", "Knowledge comes mainly from reason" ], [ "Skepticism", "Doubt about whether we can have certain knowledge" ], [ "A priori", "Knowable independent of experience" ], [ "A posteriori", "Knowable only through experience" ], [ "Analytic statement", "True by the meaning of its terms" ], [ "Synthetic statement", "True or false depending on how the world is" ], [ "Epistemic justification", "Good reasons for a belief" ], [ "Solipsism", "The view that only one's own mind is certain to exist" ], [ "Cogito", "'I think, therefore I am'; Descartes' starting point" ], [ "Free will", "The ability to choose among alternatives" ], [ "Determinism", "Every event is caused by prior events" ], [ "Compatibilism", "Free will and determinism can both be true" ], [ "Libertarianism (free will)", "We have free will and determinism is false" ], [ "Mind-body problem", "How mental states relate to physical states" ], [ "Personal identity", "What makes someone the same person over time" ], [ "Consciousness", "Subjective awareness and experience" ], [ "Qualia", "The felt quality of experiences, like redness" ], [ "Utilitarianism", "The right action produces the greatest good for the greatest number" ], [ "Deontology", "Morality is about duties and rules, whatever the outcome" ], [ "Virtue ethics", "Morality is about developing good character" ], [ "Categorical imperative", "Kant's rule to act only as you would will everyone to act" ], [ "Consequentialism", "An action's rightness depends on its results" ], [ "Moral relativism", "Moral truths depend on culture or individual" ], [ "Moral objectivism", "Some moral claims are true regardless of opinion" ], [ "Egoism", "People should act in their own self-interest" ], [ "Altruism", "Acting for the benefit of others" ], [ "Social contract theory", "Political authority comes from an agreement among people" ], [ "Natural rights", "Rights people have simply by being human" ], [ "Justice as fairness", "Rawls' idea that just principles are those chosen behind a veil of ignorance" ], [ "Veil of ignorance", "Choosing rules without knowing your place in society" ], [ "Existentialism", "Individuals create their own meaning through free choices" ], [ "Nihilism", "The view that life lacks inherent meaning or value" ], [ "Absurdism", "Seeking meaning in a universe that offers none; Camus" ], [ "Stoicism", "Peace comes from accepting what we cannot control" ], [ "Epicureanism", "The good life is pleasure understood as calm and freedom from pain" ], [ "Cynicism (ancient)", "Living simply and in accordance with nature, rejecting convention" ], [ "Pragmatism", "The truth of an idea lies in its practical effects" ], [ "Phenomenology", "Study of the structures of experience" ], [ "Hermeneutics", "Theory of interpretation" ], [ "Positivism", "Only knowledge from scientific observation is valid" ], [ "Logical positivism", "Meaningful statements must be verifiable or logically true" ], [ "Falsifiability", "Karl Popper's idea that scientific claims must be testable and refutable" ], [ "Paradigm shift", "A major change in scientific thinking; Kuhn" ], [ "Occam's razor", "Prefer the simplest explanation" ], [ "Problem of induction", "We cannot logically prove that the future will resemble the past" ], [ "Problem of evil", "How can evil exist if a perfect god exists?" ], [ "Theodicy", "An attempt to explain evil in a world made by a good god" ], [ "Cosmological argument", "Argument for a first cause of the universe" ], [ "Teleological argument", "Argument from apparent design" ], [ "Ontological argument", "Argument for god from the concept of a perfect being" ], [ "Pascal's wager", "A practical argument about whether to believe in god" ], [ "Agnosticism", "The view that the existence of god is unknown or unknowable" ], [ "Allegory of the cave", "Plato's image of people mistaking shadows for reality" ], [ "Theory of forms", "Plato's view that ideal abstract forms are the true reality" ], [ "Golden mean", "Aristotle's idea that virtue lies between extremes" ], [ "Eudaimonia", "Flourishing or living well" ], [ "Telos", "Purpose or end of a thing" ], [ "Trolley problem", "A thought experiment about choosing to harm one to save many" ], [ "Thought experiment", "Imagined scenario used to test an idea" ], [ "Brain in a vat", "Thought experiment questioning how we know our experiences are real" ], [ "Ship of Theseus", "Puzzle: is a ship the same if all its parts are replaced?" ], [ "Chinese room", "Searle's argument that running a program is not the same as understanding" ], [ "Turing test", "A test of whether a machine's conversation is indistinguishable from a human's" ], [ "Experience machine", "Nozick's thought experiment about whether pleasure is all that matters" ], [ "Social justice", "Fair distribution of advantages and burdens in society" ], [ "Distributive justice", "Fair allocation of resources" ], [ "Liberty", "Freedom from unjust restraint" ], [ "Harm principle", "Mill: society may limit freedom only to prevent harm to others" ], [ "Paternalism", "Overriding someone's choices for their own good" ], [ "Tragedy of the commons", "Shared resources are overused when each acts alone" ], [ "Authority", "The right to command and be obeyed" ], [ "Civil disobedience", "Openly breaking an unjust law to appeal to conscience" ], [ "Anarchism", "The view that the state is unnecessary or harmful" ], [ "Pluralism", "Acceptance of multiple values and views" ], [ "Relativism", "Truth or value depends on perspective" ], [ "Hedonism", "Pleasure is the highest good" ], [ "Meritocracy", "Position based on ability and achievement" ], [ "Authenticity", "Living true to one's own values" ], [ "Bad faith", "Sartre's term for denying one's freedom" ], [ "The Other", "A concept in philosophy about how we recognize those different from us" ], [ "Intentionality", "The mind's property of being about something" ], [ "Emergence", "Complex properties arising from simpler parts" ], [ "Reductionism", "Explaining a whole by its parts" ], [ "Holism", "The whole has properties not found in its parts" ], [ "Syllogism", "A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion" ], [ "Soundness", "A valid argument with true premises" ] ] }