{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-physics-formulas",
 "id": "tp-physics-formulas",
 "title": "Physics Formulas",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "Physics",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Key equations in mechanics, waves, electricity and thermal physics.",
 "tags": [
  "physics",
  "formulas"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Quantity",
 "backLabel": "Formula",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Average velocity",
   "v = delta x / delta t"
  ],
  [
   "Acceleration",
   "a = delta v / delta t"
  ],
  [
   "Velocity with constant acceleration",
   "v = v0 + at"
  ],
  [
   "Displacement with constant acceleration",
   "x = x0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t^2"
  ],
  [
   "Velocity-displacement relation",
   "v^2 = v0^2 + 2a(x - x0)"
  ],
  [
   "Free-fall acceleration",
   "g = 9.8 m/s^2 (about)"
  ],
  [
   "Newton's second law",
   "F = ma"
  ],
  [
   "Weight",
   "W = mg"
  ],
  [
   "Friction force",
   "f = mu N"
  ],
  [
   "Hooke's law",
   "F = -kx"
  ],
  [
   "Centripetal acceleration",
   "a = v^2 / r"
  ],
  [
   "Centripetal force",
   "F = mv^2 / r"
  ],
  [
   "Universal gravitation",
   "F = G m1 m2 / r^2"
  ],
  [
   "Gravitational field near a planet",
   "g = GM / r^2"
  ],
  [
   "Orbital speed",
   "v = sqrt(GM / r)"
  ],
  [
   "Work",
   "W = F d cos theta"
  ],
  [
   "Kinetic energy",
   "KE = 1/2 m v^2"
  ],
  [
   "Gravitational potential energy",
   "PE = mgh"
  ],
  [
   "Spring potential energy",
   "PE = 1/2 k x^2"
  ],
  [
   "Power",
   "P = W / t"
  ],
  [
   "Momentum",
   "p = mv"
  ],
  [
   "Impulse",
   "J = F delta t = delta p"
  ],
  [
   "Torque",
   "tau = r F sin theta"
  ],
  [
   "Angular velocity",
   "omega = delta theta / delta t"
  ],
  [
   "Rotational kinetic energy",
   "KE = 1/2 I omega^2"
  ],
  [
   "Angular momentum",
   "L = I omega"
  ],
  [
   "Period and frequency",
   "T = 1/f"
  ],
  [
   "Wave speed",
   "v = f lambda"
  ],
  [
   "Spring period",
   "T = 2 pi sqrt(m / k)"
  ],
  [
   "Pendulum period",
   "T = 2 pi sqrt(L / g)"
  ],
  [
   "Pressure",
   "P = F / A"
  ],
  [
   "Hydrostatic pressure",
   "P = P0 + rho g h"
  ],
  [
   "Buoyant force",
   "F = rho_fluid V g"
  ],
  [
   "Continuity equation",
   "A1 v1 = A2 v2"
  ],
  [
   "Bernoulli's equation",
   "P + 1/2 rho v^2 + rho g h = constant"
  ],
  [
   "Density",
   "rho = m / V"
  ],
  [
   "Heat transfer",
   "Q = m c delta T"
  ],
  [
   "Heat for phase change",
   "Q = m L"
  ],
  [
   "Ideal gas law",
   "PV = nRT"
  ],
  [
   "Average kinetic energy of gas",
   "KE = 3/2 k_B T"
  ],
  [
   "First law of thermodynamics",
   "delta U = Q - W"
  ],
  [
   "Efficiency of a heat engine",
   "e = W / Q_hot"
  ],
  [
   "Carnot efficiency",
   "e = 1 - T_cold / T_hot"
  ],
  [
   "Coulomb's law",
   "F = k q1 q2 / r^2"
  ],
  [
   "Electric field",
   "E = F / q"
  ],
  [
   "Electric field of a point charge",
   "E = k q / r^2"
  ],
  [
   "Electric potential energy",
   "U = k q1 q2 / r"
  ],
  [
   "Electric potential",
   "V = k q / r"
  ],
  [
   "Capacitance",
   "C = Q / V"
  ],
  [
   "Energy stored in a capacitor",
   "U = 1/2 C V^2"
  ],
  [
   "Current",
   "I = delta Q / delta t"
  ],
  [
   "Ohm's law",
   "V = IR"
  ],
  [
   "Electric power",
   "P = IV = I^2 R = V^2 / R"
  ],
  [
   "Resistors in series",
   "R = R1 + R2 + R3"
  ],
  [
   "Resistors in parallel",
   "1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3"
  ],
  [
   "Magnetic force on a charge",
   "F = q v B sin theta"
  ],
  [
   "Magnetic force on a wire",
   "F = I L B sin theta"
  ],
  [
   "Magnetic flux",
   "Phi = B A cos theta"
  ],
  [
   "Induced emf (Faraday)",
   "emf = -N delta Phi / delta t"
  ],
  [
   "Snell's law",
   "n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2"
  ],
  [
   "Index of refraction",
   "n = c / v"
  ],
  [
   "Lens/mirror equation",
   "1/f = 1/do + 1/di"
  ],
  [
   "Magnification",
   "m = -di / do"
  ],
  [
   "Photon energy",
   "E = h f"
  ],
  [
   "Speed of light",
   "c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s"
  ],
  [
   "Photoelectric effect",
   "KE max = h f - work function"
  ],
  [
   "de Broglie wavelength",
   "lambda = h / p"
  ],
  [
   "Mass-energy equivalence",
   "E = m c^2"
  ],
  [
   "Radioactive decay",
   "N = N0 (1/2)^(t / half-life)"
  ],
  [
   "Time dilation",
   "t = t0 / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)"
  ],
  [
   "Doppler effect (moving source approaching)",
   "f' = f v / (v - v_s)"
  ],
  [
   "Sound intensity level",
   "beta = 10 log10(I / I0) decibels"
  ],
  [
   "Diffraction grating",
   "d sin theta = m lambda"
  ],
  [
   "Single-slit minima",
   "a sin theta = m lambda"
  ],
  [
   "Escape velocity",
   "v = sqrt(2GM / r)"
  ],
  [
   "Kepler's third law",
   "T^2 is proportional to r^3"
  ],
  [
   "Projectile range (level ground)",
   "R = v0^2 sin(2 theta) / g"
  ],
  [
   "Terminal velocity",
   "Reached when drag force equals weight"
  ],
  [
   "Conservation of momentum",
   "m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1' + m2 v2'"
  ],
  [
   "Elastic collision",
   "Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved"
  ],
  [
   "Center of mass",
   "x_cm = sum of m x / sum of m"
  ],
  [
   "Power in rotation",
   "P = tau omega"
  ],
  [
   "Moment of inertia of a point mass",
   "I = m r^2"
  ],
  [
   "Moment of inertia, solid disk",
   "I = 1/2 m r^2"
  ],
  [
   "Simple harmonic motion position",
   "x = A cos(omega t)"
  ],
  [
   "Angular frequency",
   "omega = 2 pi f"
  ],
  [
   "Thermal expansion",
   "delta L = alpha L0 delta T"
  ],
  [
   "Heat conduction",
   "Q/t = k A delta T / d"
  ],
  [
   "Stefan-Boltzmann law",
   "P = e sigma A T^4"
  ],
  [
   "Wien's law",
   "lambda_max T = constant"
  ],
  [
   "Unit of force",
   "Newton, N = kg m/s^2"
  ],
  [
   "Unit of energy",
   "Joule, J = N m"
  ],
  [
   "Unit of power",
   "Watt, W = J/s"
  ]
 ]
}