#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Average velocity v = delta x / delta t tp-physics-formulas Acceleration a = delta v / delta t tp-physics-formulas Velocity with constant acceleration v = v0 + at tp-physics-formulas Displacement with constant acceleration x = x0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t^2 tp-physics-formulas Velocity-displacement relation v^2 = v0^2 + 2a(x - x0) tp-physics-formulas Free-fall acceleration g = 9.8 m/s^2 (about) tp-physics-formulas Newton's second law F = ma tp-physics-formulas Weight W = mg tp-physics-formulas Friction force f = mu N tp-physics-formulas Hooke's law F = -kx tp-physics-formulas Centripetal acceleration a = v^2 / r tp-physics-formulas Centripetal force F = mv^2 / r tp-physics-formulas Universal gravitation F = G m1 m2 / r^2 tp-physics-formulas Gravitational field near a planet g = GM / r^2 tp-physics-formulas Orbital speed v = sqrt(GM / r) tp-physics-formulas Work W = F d cos theta tp-physics-formulas Kinetic energy KE = 1/2 m v^2 tp-physics-formulas Gravitational potential energy PE = mgh tp-physics-formulas Spring potential energy PE = 1/2 k x^2 tp-physics-formulas Power P = W / t tp-physics-formulas Momentum p = mv tp-physics-formulas Impulse J = F delta t = delta p tp-physics-formulas Torque tau = r F sin theta tp-physics-formulas Angular velocity omega = delta theta / delta t tp-physics-formulas Rotational kinetic energy KE = 1/2 I omega^2 tp-physics-formulas Angular momentum L = I omega tp-physics-formulas Period and frequency T = 1/f tp-physics-formulas Wave speed v = f lambda tp-physics-formulas Spring period T = 2 pi sqrt(m / k) tp-physics-formulas Pendulum period T = 2 pi sqrt(L / g) tp-physics-formulas Pressure P = F / A tp-physics-formulas Hydrostatic pressure P = P0 + rho g h tp-physics-formulas Buoyant force F = rho_fluid V g tp-physics-formulas Continuity equation A1 v1 = A2 v2 tp-physics-formulas Bernoulli's equation P + 1/2 rho v^2 + rho g h = constant tp-physics-formulas Density rho = m / V tp-physics-formulas Heat transfer Q = m c delta T tp-physics-formulas Heat for phase change Q = m L tp-physics-formulas Ideal gas law PV = nRT tp-physics-formulas Average kinetic energy of gas KE = 3/2 k_B T tp-physics-formulas First law of thermodynamics delta U = Q - W tp-physics-formulas Efficiency of a heat engine e = W / Q_hot tp-physics-formulas Carnot efficiency e = 1 - T_cold / T_hot tp-physics-formulas Coulomb's law F = k q1 q2 / r^2 tp-physics-formulas Electric field E = F / q tp-physics-formulas Electric field of a point charge E = k q / r^2 tp-physics-formulas Electric potential energy U = k q1 q2 / r tp-physics-formulas Electric potential V = k q / r tp-physics-formulas Capacitance C = Q / V tp-physics-formulas Energy stored in a capacitor U = 1/2 C V^2 tp-physics-formulas Current I = delta Q / delta t tp-physics-formulas Ohm's law V = IR tp-physics-formulas Electric power P = IV = I^2 R = V^2 / R tp-physics-formulas Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3 tp-physics-formulas Resistors in parallel 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 tp-physics-formulas Magnetic force on a charge F = q v B sin theta tp-physics-formulas Magnetic force on a wire F = I L B sin theta tp-physics-formulas Magnetic flux Phi = B A cos theta tp-physics-formulas Induced emf (Faraday) emf = -N delta Phi / delta t tp-physics-formulas Snell's law n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2 tp-physics-formulas Index of refraction n = c / v tp-physics-formulas Lens/mirror equation 1/f = 1/do + 1/di tp-physics-formulas Magnification m = -di / do tp-physics-formulas Photon energy E = h f tp-physics-formulas Speed of light c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s tp-physics-formulas Photoelectric effect KE max = h f - work function tp-physics-formulas de Broglie wavelength lambda = h / p tp-physics-formulas Mass-energy equivalence E = m c^2 tp-physics-formulas Radioactive decay N = N0 (1/2)^(t / half-life) tp-physics-formulas Time dilation t = t0 / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2) tp-physics-formulas Doppler effect (moving source approaching) f' = f v / (v - v_s) tp-physics-formulas Sound intensity level beta = 10 log10(I / I0) decibels tp-physics-formulas Diffraction grating d sin theta = m lambda tp-physics-formulas Single-slit minima a sin theta = m lambda tp-physics-formulas Escape velocity v = sqrt(2GM / r) tp-physics-formulas Kepler's third law T^2 is proportional to r^3 tp-physics-formulas Projectile range (level ground) R = v0^2 sin(2 theta) / g tp-physics-formulas Terminal velocity Reached when drag force equals weight tp-physics-formulas Conservation of momentum m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1' + m2 v2' tp-physics-formulas Elastic collision Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved tp-physics-formulas Center of mass x_cm = sum of m x / sum of m tp-physics-formulas Power in rotation P = tau omega tp-physics-formulas Moment of inertia of a point mass I = m r^2 tp-physics-formulas Moment of inertia, solid disk I = 1/2 m r^2 tp-physics-formulas Simple harmonic motion position x = A cos(omega t) tp-physics-formulas Angular frequency omega = 2 pi f tp-physics-formulas Thermal expansion delta L = alpha L0 delta T tp-physics-formulas Heat conduction Q/t = k A delta T / d tp-physics-formulas Stefan-Boltzmann law P = e sigma A T^4 tp-physics-formulas Wien's law lambda_max T = constant tp-physics-formulas Unit of force Newton, N = kg m/s^2 tp-physics-formulas Unit of energy Joule, J = N m tp-physics-formulas Unit of power Watt, W = J/s tp-physics-formulas