{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-political-science",
 "id": "tp-political-science",
 "title": "Intro Political Science Terms",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "Political Science",
 "levels": [
  "college",
  "adult"
 ],
 "description": "Ideas, systems and theories used to study government and politics around the world.",
 "tags": [
  "political-science",
  "college"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Politics",
   "The process of deciding who gets what, when and how in a society"
  ],
  [
   "State",
   "An organization with authority over a territory and population"
  ],
  [
   "Sovereignty",
   "Supreme authority within a territory"
  ],
  [
   "Legitimacy",
   "Widespread belief that authority is rightful"
  ],
  [
   "Weber's three types of authority",
   "Traditional, charismatic and legal-rational"
  ],
  [
   "Power",
   "The ability to get others to do what they otherwise would not"
  ],
  [
   "Social contract",
   "Idea that government rests on an agreement among the governed"
  ],
  [
   "Thomas Hobbes",
   "Wrote Leviathan; argued strong rule prevents chaos"
  ],
  [
   "John Locke",
   "Argued for natural rights to life, liberty and property"
  ],
  [
   "Jean-Jacques Rousseau",
   "Wrote about the general will and popular sovereignty"
  ],
  [
   "Montesquieu",
   "Advocated separation of powers"
  ],
  [
   "Democracy",
   "Government by the people, directly or through representatives"
  ],
  [
   "Direct democracy",
   "Citizens decide issues themselves"
  ],
  [
   "Representative democracy",
   "Citizens elect officials to decide for them"
  ],
  [
   "Autocracy",
   "Rule by one person with unlimited power"
  ],
  [
   "Oligarchy",
   "Rule by a small group"
  ],
  [
   "Monarchy",
   "Rule by a king or queen"
  ],
  [
   "Constitutional monarchy",
   "A monarch whose powers are limited by a constitution"
  ],
  [
   "Totalitarianism",
   "A government seeking total control of public and private life"
  ],
  [
   "Authoritarianism",
   "Strong central power with limited political freedom"
  ],
  [
   "Theocracy",
   "Government ruled by religious authorities"
  ],
  [
   "Liberalism",
   "Ideology stressing individual liberty and limited government"
  ],
  [
   "Conservatism",
   "Ideology valuing tradition and gradual change"
  ],
  [
   "Socialism",
   "Ideology favoring collective or public ownership"
  ],
  [
   "Communism",
   "Ideology of classless society with common ownership"
  ],
  [
   "Fascism",
   "Ultranationalist, authoritarian ideology"
  ],
  [
   "Anarchism",
   "Opposition to all forms of government"
  ],
  [
   "Libertarianism",
   "Ideology maximizing individual freedom and minimizing the state"
  ],
  [
   "Nationalism",
   "Devotion to one's nation and its interests"
  ],
  [
   "Capitalism",
   "Economic system with private ownership and markets"
  ],
  [
   "Parliamentary system",
   "Executive is chosen by and accountable to the legislature"
  ],
  [
   "Presidential system",
   "Executive is elected separately from the legislature"
  ],
  [
   "Semi-presidential system",
   "Shares power between a president and a prime minister"
  ],
  [
   "Unitary state",
   "Power concentrated in a central government"
  ],
  [
   "Federal system",
   "Power divided between national and regional governments"
  ],
  [
   "Confederation",
   "A loose league of independent states"
  ],
  [
   "Bicameral legislature",
   "A legislature with two chambers"
  ],
  [
   "Proportional representation",
   "Seats awarded in proportion to votes"
  ],
  [
   "Plurality system",
   "The candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority"
  ],
  [
   "Majority system",
   "Winner needs more than half of votes"
  ],
  [
   "Duverger's law",
   "Plurality systems tend toward two parties"
  ],
  [
   "Coalition government",
   "Several parties share power"
  ],
  [
   "Vote of no confidence",
   "Legislature's vote to remove a government"
  ],
  [
   "Political party",
   "Group that organizes to win elections"
  ],
  [
   "Interest group",
   "Organization seeking to influence policy"
  ],
  [
   "Civil society",
   "Voluntary associations outside government and business"
  ],
  [
   "Political culture",
   "Shared attitudes about politics"
  ],
  [
   "Political socialization",
   "How people acquire political beliefs"
  ],
  [
   "Civil liberties",
   "Freedoms protected from government interference"
  ],
  [
   "Civil rights",
   "Guarantees of equal treatment"
  ],
  [
   "Rule of law",
   "Everyone, including officials, is subject to the law"
  ],
  [
   "Judicial independence",
   "Courts free from political pressure"
  ],
  [
   "Constitutionalism",
   "Government limited by a constitution"
  ],
  [
   "Bureaucracy",
   "Appointed officials carrying out policy"
  ],
  [
   "Patronage",
   "Rewarding supporters with jobs or favors"
  ],
  [
   "Corruption",
   "Misuse of public office for private gain"
  ],
  [
   "Clientelism",
   "Exchanging benefits for political support"
  ],
  [
   "Public policy",
   "Government decisions and actions on public problems"
  ],
  [
   "Public good",
   "A good available to all, like national defense"
  ],
  [
   "Collective action problem",
   "Individuals benefit from a shared effort without contributing"
  ],
  [
   "Rational choice theory",
   "People act to maximize their own benefit"
  ],
  [
   "Median voter theorem",
   "Parties move toward the center to win the median voter"
  ],
  [
   "Realism",
   "International relations theory: states seek power in an anarchic world"
  ],
  [
   "Liberalism in IR",
   "Cooperation and institutions can produce peace"
  ],
  [
   "Constructivism",
   "Ideas and identities shape international politics"
  ],
  [
   "Anarchic international system",
   "No higher authority above states"
  ],
  [
   "Balance of power",
   "States counter strong rivals to prevent domination"
  ],
  [
   "Hegemony",
   "Dominance of one state over others"
  ],
  [
   "Soft power",
   "Influence through attraction and culture, not force"
  ],
  [
   "Hard power",
   "Influence through military or economic force"
  ],
  [
   "Deterrence",
   "Preventing attack by threatening retaliation"
  ],
  [
   "Security dilemma",
   "One state's defense measures make others feel less secure"
  ],
  [
   "Collective security",
   "States agree to respond together to aggression"
  ],
  [
   "Alliance",
   "Formal agreement for mutual support"
  ],
  [
   "Treaty",
   "Binding agreement between states"
  ],
  [
   "Sanctions",
   "Penalties used to pressure a country"
  ],
  [
   "International organization",
   "Group of states or bodies cooperating, such as the UN"
  ],
  [
   "Nongovernmental organization",
   "Private group working on public issues across borders"
  ],
  [
   "Human rights",
   "Rights belonging to all people"
  ],
  [
   "Globalization",
   "Increasing connection of economies, cultures and politics"
  ],
  [
   "Diplomacy",
   "Managing relations between states by negotiation"
  ],
  [
   "Foreign aid",
   "Assistance given by one country to another"
  ],
  [
   "Revolution",
   "Fundamental change of a political system, often rapid"
  ],
  [
   "Coup",
   "Sudden seizure of power by a small group"
  ],
  [
   "Failed state",
   "A state unable to provide basic order and services"
  ],
  [
   "Democratization",
   "Process of becoming more democratic"
  ],
  [
   "Political efficacy",
   "Belief that one's participation matters"
  ],
  [
   "Turnout",
   "Share of eligible citizens who vote"
  ],
  [
   "Gerrymandering",
   "Drawing district lines to benefit a party or group"
  ],
  [
   "Referendum",
   "Direct popular vote on a question"
  ],
  [
   "Initiative",
   "Citizens propose laws by petition"
  ],
  [
   "Recall",
   "Voters remove an official before the term ends"
  ],
  [
   "Federalism and subsidiarity",
   "Decisions made at the lowest level able to handle them"
  ],
  [
   "Comparative politics",
   "Comparing political systems across countries"
  ]
 ]
}