{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sociology",
 "id": "tp-sociology",
 "title": "Intro Sociology Terms",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "Sociology",
 "levels": [
  "college",
  "adult"
 ],
 "description": "Core ideas and thinkers from an introductory sociology course.",
 "tags": [
  "sociology",
  "college"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Sociology",
   "The scientific study of society and social behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Sociological imagination",
   "Seeing how personal troubles connect to larger social forces; C. Wright Mills"
  ],
  [
   "Auguste Comte",
   "Coined the word 'sociology'"
  ],
  [
   "Emile Durkheim",
   "Studied social facts and suicide; founder of modern sociology"
  ],
  [
   "Karl Marx",
   "Focused on class conflict and capitalism"
  ],
  [
   "Max Weber",
   "Studied bureaucracy, authority and the Protestant ethic"
  ],
  [
   "W.E.B. Du Bois",
   "Pioneer of empirical sociology; wrote The Souls of Black Folk"
  ],
  [
   "Functionalism",
   "Society is a system of parts that work together for stability"
  ],
  [
   "Conflict theory",
   "Society is shaped by struggles over resources and power"
  ],
  [
   "Symbolic interactionism",
   "Society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings"
  ],
  [
   "Manifest function",
   "Intended, recognized effect of a social structure"
  ],
  [
   "Latent function",
   "Unintended, often unrecognized effect"
  ],
  [
   "Dysfunction",
   "A harmful effect of a social pattern"
  ],
  [
   "Social structure",
   "Patterns of relationships that organize society"
  ],
  [
   "Status",
   "A position in society"
  ],
  [
   "Ascribed status",
   "A status one is born with"
  ],
  [
   "Achieved status",
   "A status earned through effort"
  ],
  [
   "Master status",
   "The status that most shapes a person's identity"
  ],
  [
   "Role",
   "Behavior expected of someone with a status"
  ],
  [
   "Role conflict",
   "Tension between roles of different statuses"
  ],
  [
   "Role strain",
   "Tension within a single role"
  ],
  [
   "Culture",
   "Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group"
  ],
  [
   "Material culture",
   "Physical objects a society creates"
  ],
  [
   "Nonmaterial culture",
   "Ideas, beliefs and values"
  ],
  [
   "Norm",
   "A rule for expected behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Folkway",
   "A casual norm; violation brings mild disapproval"
  ],
  [
   "Mores",
   "Serious norms tied to moral standards"
  ],
  [
   "Taboo",
   "A strongly forbidden behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Sanction",
   "Reward or punishment that enforces norms"
  ],
  [
   "Value",
   "A shared idea of what is good or desirable"
  ],
  [
   "Subculture",
   "A group with distinct norms inside a larger culture"
  ],
  [
   "Counterculture",
   "A group that rejects mainstream norms"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnocentrism",
   "Judging other cultures by one's own standards"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural relativism",
   "Understanding a culture on its own terms"
  ],
  [
   "Culture shock",
   "Disorientation in an unfamiliar culture"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural lag",
   "Society's norms trail behind technology"
  ],
  [
   "Socialization",
   "Learning the norms and roles of society"
  ],
  [
   "Agents of socialization",
   "Family, school, peers, media and religion"
  ],
  [
   "Looking-glass self",
   "Our self-image forms from how we think others see us; Cooley"
  ],
  [
   "Generalized other",
   "Society's expectations internalized; George Herbert Mead"
  ],
  [
   "Anticipatory socialization",
   "Preparing for a future role"
  ],
  [
   "Resocialization",
   "Learning new norms, as in an institution"
  ],
  [
   "Total institution",
   "A place that controls all aspects of residents' lives"
  ],
  [
   "Deviance",
   "Violating social norms"
  ],
  [
   "Strain theory",
   "Deviance arises when goals cannot be met legitimately; Merton"
  ],
  [
   "Labeling theory",
   "Deviance is a result of being labeled"
  ],
  [
   "Differential association",
   "Deviance is learned from close associates"
  ],
  [
   "Anomie",
   "Normlessness when social rules weaken"
  ],
  [
   "Social control",
   "Ways society encourages conformity"
  ],
  [
   "Social stratification",
   "Ranking people in layers by wealth, power or prestige"
  ],
  [
   "Caste system",
   "Rigid stratification based on birth"
  ],
  [
   "Class system",
   "Stratification based on wealth and occupation, with some mobility"
  ],
  [
   "Social mobility",
   "Movement between social classes"
  ],
  [
   "Intergenerational mobility",
   "Change in class position compared with one's parents"
  ],
  [
   "Socioeconomic status",
   "Combined measure of income, education and occupation"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural capital",
   "Knowledge and tastes that help one advance socially; Bourdieu"
  ],
  [
   "Social capital",
   "Benefits from social networks and relationships"
  ],
  [
   "Poverty line",
   "Income level used to define poverty"
  ],
  [
   "Meritocracy",
   "System where advancement is based on ability and effort"
  ],
  [
   "Race",
   "A social category based on perceived physical traits"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnicity",
   "Shared cultural heritage"
  ],
  [
   "Minority group",
   "A group with less power, not necessarily smaller numbers"
  ],
  [
   "Institutional discrimination",
   "Unequal treatment built into laws and practices"
  ],
  [
   "Segregation",
   "Physical separation of groups"
  ],
  [
   "Gender",
   "Social and cultural meanings of masculinity and femininity"
  ],
  [
   "Sex",
   "Biological category of male or female"
  ],
  [
   "Patriarchy",
   "A system in which men hold most power"
  ],
  [
   "Gender role",
   "Behaviors expected of a gender"
  ],
  [
   "Glass ceiling",
   "Invisible barrier to advancement"
  ],
  [
   "Family",
   "A group related by blood, marriage or adoption"
  ],
  [
   "Nuclear family",
   "Parents and their children"
  ],
  [
   "Extended family",
   "Nuclear family plus other relatives"
  ],
  [
   "Monogamy",
   "Marriage to one partner at a time"
  ],
  [
   "Endogamy",
   "Marrying within one's group"
  ],
  [
   "Exogamy",
   "Marrying outside one's group"
  ],
  [
   "Institution",
   "An established system that meets social needs"
  ],
  [
   "Bureaucracy",
   "A formal organization with hierarchy and rules"
  ],
  [
   "McDonaldization",
   "Spread of efficiency, predictability and control; Ritzer"
  ],
  [
   "Primary group",
   "Small, close group with personal ties"
  ],
  [
   "Secondary group",
   "Larger, impersonal group organized around a goal"
  ],
  [
   "In-group",
   "A group one belongs to and identifies with"
  ],
  [
   "Out-group",
   "A group one does not belong to"
  ],
  [
   "Reference group",
   "A group used as a standard for self-evaluation"
  ],
  [
   "Social network",
   "A web of social ties"
  ],
  [
   "Gemeinschaft",
   "Community based on close personal ties"
  ],
  [
   "Gesellschaft",
   "Society based on impersonal, contractual ties"
  ],
  [
   "Demography",
   "Study of populations"
  ],
  [
   "Urbanization",
   "Growth in the proportion of people living in cities"
  ],
  [
   "Collective behavior",
   "Spontaneous group action"
  ],
  [
   "Social movement",
   "Organized effort to promote or resist change"
  ],
  [
   "Globalization",
   "Increasing interconnection of the world's societies"
  ],
  [
   "Dramaturgy",
   "Viewing social life as theater; Erving Goffman"
  ],
  [
   "Impression management",
   "Controlling how others see us"
  ],
  [
   "Social construction of reality",
   "Meanings of things are created by social interaction"
  ],
  [
   "Thomas theorem",
   "If people define situations as real, they are real in consequence"
  ],
  [
   "Quantitative research",
   "Studies using numbers and statistics"
  ],
  [
   "Qualitative research",
   "Studies using interviews and observation"
  ],
  [
   "Participant observation",
   "Researcher joins a group to study it"
  ],
  [
   "Survey",
   "Collecting data through questions"
  ],
  [
   "Correlation versus causation",
   "Two things related does not mean one causes the other"
  ]
 ]
}