#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Sociology The scientific study of society and social behavior tp-sociology Sociological imagination Seeing how personal troubles connect to larger social forces; C. Wright Mills tp-sociology Auguste Comte Coined the word 'sociology' tp-sociology Emile Durkheim Studied social facts and suicide; founder of modern sociology tp-sociology Karl Marx Focused on class conflict and capitalism tp-sociology Max Weber Studied bureaucracy, authority and the Protestant ethic tp-sociology W.E.B. Du Bois Pioneer of empirical sociology; wrote The Souls of Black Folk tp-sociology Functionalism Society is a system of parts that work together for stability tp-sociology Conflict theory Society is shaped by struggles over resources and power tp-sociology Symbolic interactionism Society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings tp-sociology Manifest function Intended, recognized effect of a social structure tp-sociology Latent function Unintended, often unrecognized effect tp-sociology Dysfunction A harmful effect of a social pattern tp-sociology Social structure Patterns of relationships that organize society tp-sociology Status A position in society tp-sociology Ascribed status A status one is born with tp-sociology Achieved status A status earned through effort tp-sociology Master status The status that most shapes a person's identity tp-sociology Role Behavior expected of someone with a status tp-sociology Role conflict Tension between roles of different statuses tp-sociology Role strain Tension within a single role tp-sociology Culture Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group tp-sociology Material culture Physical objects a society creates tp-sociology Nonmaterial culture Ideas, beliefs and values tp-sociology Norm A rule for expected behavior tp-sociology Folkway A casual norm; violation brings mild disapproval tp-sociology Mores Serious norms tied to moral standards tp-sociology Taboo A strongly forbidden behavior tp-sociology Sanction Reward or punishment that enforces norms tp-sociology Value A shared idea of what is good or desirable tp-sociology Subculture A group with distinct norms inside a larger culture tp-sociology Counterculture A group that rejects mainstream norms tp-sociology Ethnocentrism Judging other cultures by one's own standards tp-sociology Cultural relativism Understanding a culture on its own terms tp-sociology Culture shock Disorientation in an unfamiliar culture tp-sociology Cultural lag Society's norms trail behind technology tp-sociology Socialization Learning the norms and roles of society tp-sociology Agents of socialization Family, school, peers, media and religion tp-sociology Looking-glass self Our self-image forms from how we think others see us; Cooley tp-sociology Generalized other Society's expectations internalized; George Herbert Mead tp-sociology Anticipatory socialization Preparing for a future role tp-sociology Resocialization Learning new norms, as in an institution tp-sociology Total institution A place that controls all aspects of residents' lives tp-sociology Deviance Violating social norms tp-sociology Strain theory Deviance arises when goals cannot be met legitimately; Merton tp-sociology Labeling theory Deviance is a result of being labeled tp-sociology Differential association Deviance is learned from close associates tp-sociology Anomie Normlessness when social rules weaken tp-sociology Social control Ways society encourages conformity tp-sociology Social stratification Ranking people in layers by wealth, power or prestige tp-sociology Caste system Rigid stratification based on birth tp-sociology Class system Stratification based on wealth and occupation, with some mobility tp-sociology Social mobility Movement between social classes tp-sociology Intergenerational mobility Change in class position compared with one's parents tp-sociology Socioeconomic status Combined measure of income, education and occupation tp-sociology Cultural capital Knowledge and tastes that help one advance socially; Bourdieu tp-sociology Social capital Benefits from social networks and relationships tp-sociology Poverty line Income level used to define poverty tp-sociology Meritocracy System where advancement is based on ability and effort tp-sociology Race A social category based on perceived physical traits tp-sociology Ethnicity Shared cultural heritage tp-sociology Minority group A group with less power, not necessarily smaller numbers tp-sociology Institutional discrimination Unequal treatment built into laws and practices tp-sociology Segregation Physical separation of groups tp-sociology Gender Social and cultural meanings of masculinity and femininity tp-sociology Sex Biological category of male or female tp-sociology Patriarchy A system in which men hold most power tp-sociology Gender role Behaviors expected of a gender tp-sociology Glass ceiling Invisible barrier to advancement tp-sociology Family A group related by blood, marriage or adoption tp-sociology Nuclear family Parents and their children tp-sociology Extended family Nuclear family plus other relatives tp-sociology Monogamy Marriage to one partner at a time tp-sociology Endogamy Marrying within one's group tp-sociology Exogamy Marrying outside one's group tp-sociology Institution An established system that meets social needs tp-sociology Bureaucracy A formal organization with hierarchy and rules tp-sociology McDonaldization Spread of efficiency, predictability and control; Ritzer tp-sociology Primary group Small, close group with personal ties tp-sociology Secondary group Larger, impersonal group organized around a goal tp-sociology In-group A group one belongs to and identifies with tp-sociology Out-group A group one does not belong to tp-sociology Reference group A group used as a standard for self-evaluation tp-sociology Social network A web of social ties tp-sociology Gemeinschaft Community based on close personal ties tp-sociology Gesellschaft Society based on impersonal, contractual ties tp-sociology Demography Study of populations tp-sociology Urbanization Growth in the proportion of people living in cities tp-sociology Collective behavior Spontaneous group action tp-sociology Social movement Organized effort to promote or resist change tp-sociology Globalization Increasing interconnection of the world's societies tp-sociology Dramaturgy Viewing social life as theater; Erving Goffman tp-sociology Impression management Controlling how others see us tp-sociology Social construction of reality Meanings of things are created by social interaction tp-sociology Thomas theorem If people define situations as real, they are real in consequence tp-sociology Quantitative research Studies using numbers and statistics tp-sociology Qualitative research Studies using interviews and observation tp-sociology Participant observation Researcher joins a group to study it tp-sociology Survey Collecting data through questions tp-sociology Correlation versus causation Two things related does not mean one causes the other tp-sociology