{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-bill-of-rights",
 "id": "us-bill-of-rights",
 "title": "The Bill of Rights",
 "category": "social-studies",
 "subject": "Civics",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "The first ten amendments to the Constitution, what each protects, and key related ideas.",
 "tags": [
  "bill of rights",
  "amendments",
  "freedoms"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Amendment or term",
 "backLabel": "What it protects",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Bill of Rights",
   "The first ten amendments, ratified in 1791"
  ],
  [
   "Why add a bill of rights?",
   "Many people wanted written protection from a strong national government"
  ],
  [
   "First Amendment",
   "Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition"
  ],
  [
   "Freedom of religion",
   "Government cannot set up an official church or stop you from practicing your faith"
  ],
  [
   "Establishment Clause",
   "Government may not establish an official religion"
  ],
  [
   "Free Exercise Clause",
   "You may practice your religion freely"
  ],
  [
   "Freedom of speech",
   "You may express your ideas without government punishment, within limits"
  ],
  [
   "Freedom of the press",
   "News outlets may publish without government censorship"
  ],
  [
   "Freedom of assembly",
   "People may gather peacefully"
  ],
  [
   "Right to petition",
   "People may ask the government to fix problems"
  ],
  [
   "Second Amendment",
   "The right to keep and bear arms, with a militia purpose stated"
  ],
  [
   "Third Amendment",
   "Soldiers cannot be forced to live in your home in peacetime"
  ],
  [
   "Fourth Amendment",
   "Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures"
  ],
  [
   "Search warrant",
   "Court order that lets police search a place, based on probable cause"
  ],
  [
   "Probable cause",
   "Good reason to believe a crime happened"
  ],
  [
   "Fifth Amendment",
   "Grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, due process, fair payment for property taken"
  ],
  [
   "Double jeopardy",
   "You cannot be tried twice for the same crime"
  ],
  [
   "Self-incrimination",
   "No one can be forced to testify against themselves"
  ],
  [
   "Pleading the fifth",
   "Refusing to answer questions that could incriminate you"
  ],
  [
   "Due process",
   "Fair procedures before the government takes life, liberty or property"
  ],
  [
   "Eminent domain",
   "Government may take private land for public use if it pays fairly"
  ],
  [
   "Grand jury",
   "Group that decides whether there is enough evidence to bring charges"
  ],
  [
   "Sixth Amendment",
   "Speedy public trial, an impartial jury, a lawyer, and facing your accusers"
  ],
  [
   "Right to counsel",
   "Right to have a lawyer"
  ],
  [
   "Impartial jury",
   "Jurors who are fair and have not decided in advance"
  ],
  [
   "Seventh Amendment",
   "Jury trials in many civil cases"
  ],
  [
   "Civil case",
   "A legal dispute between people or groups, often about money"
  ],
  [
   "Criminal case",
   "Government charges someone with breaking a law"
  ],
  [
   "Eighth Amendment",
   "No excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment"
  ],
  [
   "Bail",
   "Money paid to be free while waiting for trial"
  ],
  [
   "Ninth Amendment",
   "People have other rights besides those listed"
  ],
  [
   "Tenth Amendment",
   "Powers not given to the national government belong to the states or the people"
  ],
  [
   "Reserved powers",
   "Powers the Tenth Amendment leaves to the states"
  ],
  [
   "James Madison",
   "Wrote the Bill of Rights in Congress in 1789"
  ],
  [
   "George Mason",
   "Virginian who urged a bill of rights and wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights"
  ],
  [
   "Anti-Federalists",
   "Opponents of the Constitution who demanded a bill of rights"
  ],
  [
   "Federalists",
   "Supporters of the Constitution who promised to add one"
  ],
  [
   "Ratification of Bill of Rights",
   "Completed December 15, 1791"
  ],
  [
   "Bill of Rights Day",
   "December 15, marking ratification"
  ],
  [
   "Magna Carta influence",
   "England's 1215 charter influenced ideas of due process"
  ],
  [
   "English Bill of Rights",
   "1689 document that influenced American rights"
  ],
  [
   "Virginia Declaration of Rights",
   "1776 state document, a model for the national Bill of Rights"
  ],
  [
   "Selective incorporation",
   "Courts applying the Bill of Rights to the states through the 14th Amendment"
  ],
  [
   "Fourteenth Amendment",
   "Guarantees equal protection and due process from state governments"
  ],
  [
   "Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)",
   "Students keep free speech rights at school if they do not disrupt learning"
  ],
  [
   "Miranda v. Arizona (1966)",
   "Police must tell suspects of their rights before questioning"
  ],
  [
   "Miranda rights",
   "You have the right to remain silent and to have a lawyer"
  ],
  [
   "Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)",
   "The state must provide a lawyer to defendants who cannot afford one"
  ],
  [
   "Mapp v. Ohio (1961)",
   "Evidence taken by illegal search cannot be used in state court"
  ],
  [
   "New York Times v. United States (1971)",
   "Upheld press freedom in the Pentagon Papers case"
  ],
  [
   "Engel v. Vitale (1962)",
   "Public schools cannot sponsor official prayer"
  ],
  [
   "West Virginia v. Barnette (1943)",
   "Students cannot be forced to salute the flag"
  ],
  [
   "Libel and slander",
   "False statements that harm someone's reputation; not protected speech"
  ],
  [
   "Censorship",
   "Government control of what can be said or published"
  ],
  [
   "Peaceful protest",
   "Gathering to express views, protected by the First Amendment"
  ],
  [
   "Search and seizure",
   "Looking through property and taking items"
  ],
  [
   "Jury of peers",
   "A group of ordinary citizens who decide a trial"
  ],
  [
   "Unreasonable search",
   "A search without a good reason or warrant"
  ],
  [
   "Witness",
   "Person who testifies about what they saw or know"
  ],
  [
   "Defendant",
   "Person accused of a crime or sued in court"
  ],
  [
   "Rights vs responsibilities",
   "Rights come with duties, like respecting others' rights"
  ],
  [
   "Amendments 11-27",
   "Later amendments, such as ending slavery, granting voting rights, and others"
  ]
 ]
}