{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-civil-rights-movement",
 "id": "us-civil-rights-movement",
 "title": "The Civil Rights Movement",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "US History",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "People, protests and laws in the struggle for equal rights, mostly from the 1940s to the 1960s.",
 "tags": [
  "civil rights",
  "martin luther king",
  "segregation",
  "voting rights"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Person, event or term",
 "backLabel": "What to know",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Segregation",
   "Keeping people apart by race in schools, buses, restaurants and more"
  ],
  [
   "Jim Crow laws",
   "Laws in the South that enforced segregation"
  ],
  [
   "Discrimination",
   "Treating people unfairly because of who they are"
  ],
  [
   "Civil rights",
   "Rights that guarantee equal treatment under the law"
  ],
  [
   "NAACP",
   "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909"
  ],
  [
   "Thurgood Marshall",
   "NAACP lawyer who argued Brown v. Board and became the first Black Supreme Court justice"
  ],
  [
   "Jackie Robinson",
   "In 1947 became the first Black player in modern major league baseball"
  ],
  [
   "Executive Order 9981 (1948)",
   "Truman ordered the end of segregation in the armed forces"
  ],
  [
   "Brown v. Board of Education (1954)",
   "Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools are unequal"
  ],
  [
   "Earl Warren",
   "Chief Justice when the Court decided Brown v. Board"
  ],
  [
   "Linda Brown",
   "Kansas student at the center of the Brown v. Board case"
  ],
  [
   "Emmett Till",
   "Black teenager killed in Mississippi in 1955; his mother's courage drew national attention"
  ],
  [
   "Rosa Parks",
   "In December 1955 she refused to give up her bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama"
  ],
  [
   "Montgomery Bus Boycott",
   "A year-long refusal to ride city buses in 1955-56"
  ],
  [
   "Martin Luther King Jr.",
   "Baptist minister and leader of nonviolent protest"
  ],
  [
   "Nonviolence",
   "Peaceful protest, a method King learned from Gandhi and the Gospel"
  ],
  [
   "Mahatma Gandhi",
   "Indian leader whose peaceful methods inspired the movement"
  ],
  [
   "SCLC",
   "Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a group led by King"
  ],
  [
   "Little Rock Nine (1957)",
   "Nine Black students who integrated Central High School in Arkansas"
  ],
  [
   "Integration",
   "Bringing people of different races together in schools and places"
  ],
  [
   "Ruby Bridges",
   "At age six in 1960 she integrated an elementary school in New Orleans"
  ],
  [
   "Greensboro sit-ins (1960)",
   "Four college students sat at a whites-only lunch counter in North Carolina"
  ],
  [
   "Sit-in",
   "A protest where people sit in a place and refuse to leave"
  ],
  [
   "SNCC",
   "Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, formed in 1960"
  ],
  [
   "Freedom Riders (1961)",
   "Black and white activists rode buses together through the South to test desegregation"
  ],
  [
   "John Lewis",
   "Student leader and Freedom Rider who later served in Congress"
  ],
  [
   "James Meredith",
   "First Black student at the University of Mississippi, in 1962"
  ],
  [
   "Birmingham campaign (1963)",
   "Protests in Alabama, including a march of many young people"
  ],
  [
   "Letter from Birmingham Jail",
   "King's 1963 letter explaining why people should not wait for justice"
  ],
  [
   "March on Washington (1963)",
   "Over 200,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial for jobs and freedom"
  ],
  [
   "I Have a Dream",
   "King's speech at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963"
  ],
  [
   "A. Philip Randolph",
   "Labor leader and a main organizer of the March on Washington"
  ],
  [
   "Bayard Rustin",
   "Main organizer of the 1963 March on Washington"
  ],
  [
   "16th Street Baptist Church bombing (1963)",
   "Attack in Birmingham that killed four girls"
  ],
  [
   "Civil Rights Act of 1964",
   "Outlawed segregation in public places and discrimination in jobs"
  ],
  [
   "Lyndon B. Johnson",
   "President who signed the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts"
  ],
  [
   "Freedom Summer (1964)",
   "Volunteers worked to register Black voters in Mississippi"
  ],
  [
   "Fannie Lou Hamer",
   "Mississippi voting rights activist who spoke at the 1964 Democratic Convention"
  ],
  [
   "24th Amendment (1964)",
   "Banned poll taxes in federal elections"
  ],
  [
   "Poll tax",
   "A fee to vote that kept poor Black voters away from the polls"
  ],
  [
   "Literacy test",
   "Reading tests unfairly used to keep Black citizens from voting"
  ],
  [
   "Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)",
   "Marches for voting rights, including 'Bloody Sunday' on March 7"
  ],
  [
   "Edmund Pettus Bridge",
   "Selma bridge where marchers were attacked on Bloody Sunday"
  ],
  [
   "Voting Rights Act (1965)",
   "Protected the right to vote and banned practices that blocked Black voters"
  ],
  [
   "Malcolm X",
   "Leader who spoke for Black pride and self-determination"
  ],
  [
   "Nation of Islam",
   "Religious and social group Malcolm X belonged to before 1964"
  ],
  [
   "Black Power",
   "Slogan from the 1960s about pride, strength and community control"
  ],
  [
   "Black Panther Party",
   "Group founded in 1966 in Oakland, California"
  ],
  [
   "Loving v. Virginia (1967)",
   "Supreme Court struck down laws against marriage between people of different races"
  ],
  [
   "Thurgood Marshall's appointment (1967)",
   "Became the first Black justice on the Supreme Court"
  ],
  [
   "Assassination of MLK (1968)",
   "King was killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968"
  ],
  [
   "Fair Housing Act (1968)",
   "Banned discrimination in selling or renting homes"
  ],
  [
   "Poor People's Campaign",
   "Movement for economic justice that King was planning at his death"
  ],
  [
   "Cesar Chavez",
   "Labor leader who organized farm workers and led nonviolent boycotts"
  ],
  [
   "Dolores Huerta",
   "Co-founded the United Farm Workers with Chavez"
  ],
  [
   "United Farm Workers",
   "Union of farm workers organized in the 1960s"
  ],
  [
   "American Indian Movement (1968)",
   "Native activists working for treaty rights and justice"
  ],
  [
   "Women's liberation movement",
   "Push for equal pay and rights for women in the 1960s and 70s"
  ],
  [
   "Betty Friedan",
   "Author of The Feminine Mystique (1963)"
  ],
  [
   "Title IX (1972)",
   "Law banning sex discrimination in schools that get federal money, including sports"
  ],
  [
   "Equal Pay Act (1963)",
   "Law requiring equal pay for equal work regardless of sex"
  ],
  [
   "Stonewall (1969)",
   "New York protest often seen as a spark of the gay rights movement"
  ],
  [
   "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)",
   "Banned discrimination against people with disabilities"
  ],
  [
   "Ed Roberts",
   "Disability rights pioneer who helped start the independent living movement"
  ],
  [
   "Japanese American redress (1988)",
   "Law that apologized for the WWII incarceration and paid survivors"
  ],
  [
   "Civil disobedience",
   "Peacefully refusing to obey an unjust law"
  ],
  [
   "Boycott",
   "Refusing to buy or use something as a protest"
  ],
  [
   "Desegregation",
   "Ending separation of races"
  ],
  [
   "Separate but equal",
   "Rule from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), overturned for schools by Brown"
  ],
  [
   "Plessy v. Ferguson",
   "1896 case that allowed segregation"
  ],
  [
   "Medgar Evers",
   "Mississippi NAACP leader killed in 1963"
  ],
  [
   "Ella Baker",
   "Organizer who helped start SNCC"
  ],
  [
   "Claudette Colvin",
   "Teen who refused to give up a bus seat in Montgomery in March 1955"
  ],
  [
   "Constance Baker Motley",
   "Lawyer who argued important civil rights cases and became a federal judge"
  ],
  [
   "Barbara Johns",
   "Teen who led a student walkout for better schools in Virginia in 1951"
  ],
  [
   "Septima Clark",
   "Teacher who started citizenship schools to prepare people to register to vote"
  ]
 ]
}