Segregation: Keeping people apart by race in schools, buses, restaurants and more Jim Crow laws: Laws in the South that enforced segregation Discrimination: Treating people unfairly because of who they are Civil rights: Rights that guarantee equal treatment under the law NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 Thurgood Marshall: NAACP lawyer who argued Brown v. Board and became the first Black Supreme Court justice Jackie Robinson: In 1947 became the first Black player in modern major league baseball Executive Order 9981 (1948): Truman ordered the end of segregation in the armed forces Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools are unequal Earl Warren: Chief Justice when the Court decided Brown v. Board Linda Brown: Kansas student at the center of the Brown v. Board case Emmett Till: Black teenager killed in Mississippi in 1955; his mother's courage drew national attention Rosa Parks: In December 1955 she refused to give up her bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama Montgomery Bus Boycott: A year-long refusal to ride city buses in 1955-56 Martin Luther King Jr.: Baptist minister and leader of nonviolent protest Nonviolence: Peaceful protest, a method King learned from Gandhi and the Gospel Mahatma Gandhi: Indian leader whose peaceful methods inspired the movement SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a group led by King Little Rock Nine (1957): Nine Black students who integrated Central High School in Arkansas Integration: Bringing people of different races together in schools and places Ruby Bridges: At age six in 1960 she integrated an elementary school in New Orleans Greensboro sit-ins (1960): Four college students sat at a whites-only lunch counter in North Carolina Sit-in: A protest where people sit in a place and refuse to leave SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, formed in 1960 Freedom Riders (1961): Black and white activists rode buses together through the South to test desegregation John Lewis: Student leader and Freedom Rider who later served in Congress James Meredith: First Black student at the University of Mississippi, in 1962 Birmingham campaign (1963): Protests in Alabama, including a march of many young people Letter from Birmingham Jail: King's 1963 letter explaining why people should not wait for justice March on Washington (1963): Over 200,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial for jobs and freedom I Have a Dream: King's speech at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963 A. Philip Randolph: Labor leader and a main organizer of the March on Washington Bayard Rustin: Main organizer of the 1963 March on Washington 16th Street Baptist Church bombing (1963): Attack in Birmingham that killed four girls Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed segregation in public places and discrimination in jobs Lyndon B. Johnson: President who signed the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts Freedom Summer (1964): Volunteers worked to register Black voters in Mississippi Fannie Lou Hamer: Mississippi voting rights activist who spoke at the 1964 Democratic Convention 24th Amendment (1964): Banned poll taxes in federal elections Poll tax: A fee to vote that kept poor Black voters away from the polls Literacy test: Reading tests unfairly used to keep Black citizens from voting Selma to Montgomery marches (1965): Marches for voting rights, including 'Bloody Sunday' on March 7 Edmund Pettus Bridge: Selma bridge where marchers were attacked on Bloody Sunday Voting Rights Act (1965): Protected the right to vote and banned practices that blocked Black voters Malcolm X: Leader who spoke for Black pride and self-determination Nation of Islam: Religious and social group Malcolm X belonged to before 1964 Black Power: Slogan from the 1960s about pride, strength and community control Black Panther Party: Group founded in 1966 in Oakland, California Loving v. Virginia (1967): Supreme Court struck down laws against marriage between people of different races Thurgood Marshall's appointment (1967): Became the first Black justice on the Supreme Court Assassination of MLK (1968): King was killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968 Fair Housing Act (1968): Banned discrimination in selling or renting homes Poor People's Campaign: Movement for economic justice that King was planning at his death Cesar Chavez: Labor leader who organized farm workers and led nonviolent boycotts Dolores Huerta: Co-founded the United Farm Workers with Chavez United Farm Workers: Union of farm workers organized in the 1960s American Indian Movement (1968): Native activists working for treaty rights and justice Women's liberation movement: Push for equal pay and rights for women in the 1960s and 70s Betty Friedan: Author of The Feminine Mystique (1963) Title IX (1972): Law banning sex discrimination in schools that get federal money, including sports Equal Pay Act (1963): Law requiring equal pay for equal work regardless of sex Stonewall (1969): New York protest often seen as a spark of the gay rights movement Americans with Disabilities Act (1990): Banned discrimination against people with disabilities Ed Roberts: Disability rights pioneer who helped start the independent living movement Japanese American redress (1988): Law that apologized for the WWII incarceration and paid survivors Civil disobedience: Peacefully refusing to obey an unjust law Boycott: Refusing to buy or use something as a protest Desegregation: Ending separation of races Separate but equal: Rule from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), overturned for schools by Brown Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 case that allowed segregation Medgar Evers: Mississippi NAACP leader killed in 1963 Ella Baker: Organizer who helped start SNCC Claudette Colvin: Teen who refused to give up a bus seat in Montgomery in March 1955 Constance Baker Motley: Lawyer who argued important civil rights cases and became a federal judge Barbara Johns: Teen who led a student walkout for better schools in Virginia in 1951 Septima Clark: Teacher who started citizenship schools to prepare people to register to vote Free flashcards from Peabody at peabody.kids/flashcards/us-civil-rights-movement