{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-cold-war",
 "id": "us-cold-war",
 "title": "The Cold War",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "US History",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "The long rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991.",
 "tags": [
  "cold war",
  "soviet union",
  "space race",
  "berlin wall"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term or event",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Cold War",
   "Decades-long rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union that stopped short of direct war"
  ],
  [
   "Superpowers",
   "The US and the Soviet Union, the two strongest nations after WWII"
  ],
  [
   "Capitalism",
   "Economic system with private businesses and free markets"
  ],
  [
   "Communism",
   "System where the government controls the economy and there is one party"
  ],
  [
   "Iron Curtain",
   "Churchill's phrase for the line dividing communist Eastern Europe from the West"
  ],
  [
   "Containment",
   "US policy of stopping communism from spreading"
  ],
  [
   "Truman Doctrine (1947)",
   "Promised US aid to nations resisting communist takeover"
  ],
  [
   "Marshall Plan",
   "US money that helped rebuild Western Europe after WWII"
  ],
  [
   "Berlin Airlift (1948-49)",
   "Allies flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blocked roads"
  ],
  [
   "NATO (1949)",
   "Western alliance in which members agree to defend one another"
  ],
  [
   "Warsaw Pact (1955)",
   "Soviet-led military alliance in Eastern Europe"
  ],
  [
   "Soviet atomic bomb (1949)",
   "The USSR tested its first nuclear weapon"
  ],
  [
   "Arms race",
   "Competition to build more and better weapons"
  ],
  [
   "Nuclear weapons",
   "Bombs of great destructive power, built by both sides"
  ],
  [
   "Deterrence",
   "Preventing attack by showing that you could strike back"
  ],
  [
   "Mutually assured destruction",
   "Idea that a nuclear war would destroy both sides, so neither would start one"
  ],
  [
   "Korean War (1950-53)",
   "War in which the US and UN forces helped South Korea against North Korea and China"
  ],
  [
   "38th parallel",
   "Line that divided North and South Korea"
  ],
  [
   "Armistice (1953)",
   "Ceasefire that ended the Korean War's fighting without a peace treaty"
  ],
  [
   "McCarthyism",
   "1950s practice of accusing people of being communists with little proof"
  ],
  [
   "Joseph McCarthy",
   "Wisconsin senator who made many unproven accusations"
  ],
  [
   "Red Scare",
   "Widespread fear of communists in America"
  ],
  [
   "Duck and cover",
   "School drills that taught children how to protect themselves from an atomic blast"
  ],
  [
   "Fallout shelter",
   "Underground room built to protect people from radioactive dust"
  ],
  [
   "Sputnik (1957)",
   "First artificial satellite, launched by the Soviet Union"
  ],
  [
   "Space Race",
   "Competition between the US and USSR to lead in space"
  ],
  [
   "NASA",
   "US space agency, founded in 1958"
  ],
  [
   "National Defense Education Act",
   "1958 law that increased money for science and math education"
  ],
  [
   "Yuri Gagarin",
   "Soviet cosmonaut, first human in space in 1961"
  ],
  [
   "Alan Shepard",
   "First American in space, 1961"
  ],
  [
   "John Glenn",
   "First American to orbit Earth, 1962"
  ],
  [
   "Moon landing (1969)",
   "Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the Moon on July 20"
  ],
  [
   "Neil Armstrong",
   "First person to step on the Moon"
  ],
  [
   "Eisenhower",
   "President from 1953 to 1961 during the early Cold War"
  ],
  [
   "Interstate Highway System",
   "Highway network started in 1956, partly for defense"
  ],
  [
   "U-2 incident (1960)",
   "A US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union"
  ],
  [
   "Fidel Castro",
   "Led a revolution in Cuba in 1959 and ruled it as a communist leader"
  ],
  [
   "Bay of Pigs (1961)",
   "Failed US-backed attempt to invade Cuba"
  ],
  [
   "Berlin Wall (1961)",
   "Wall built by East Germany dividing East and West Berlin"
  ],
  [
   "Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)",
   "Tense 13 days when the US found Soviet missiles in Cuba"
  ],
  [
   "John F. Kennedy",
   "President during the Cuban Missile Crisis"
  ],
  [
   "Nikita Khrushchev",
   "Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis"
  ],
  [
   "Hotline",
   "Direct phone line set up between Washington and Moscow in 1963"
  ],
  [
   "Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)",
   "Banned nuclear tests in the air, in space and underwater"
  ],
  [
   "Vietnam War",
   "Conflict in Vietnam from the 1950s to 1975 in which the US supported South Vietnam"
  ],
  [
   "Domino theory",
   "Belief that if one country fell to communism its neighbors would too"
  ],
  [
   "Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)",
   "Gave President Johnson wide power to use force in Vietnam"
  ],
  [
   "Tet Offensive (1968)",
   "Big surprise attacks in Vietnam that shook American support for the war"
  ],
  [
   "Antiwar movement",
   "Protests against US involvement in Vietnam"
  ],
  [
   "Vietnam Veterans Memorial",
   "Wall in Washington, DC listing names of the Americans who died in the war"
  ],
  [
   "Fall of Saigon (1975)",
   "South Vietnam's capital fell to North Vietnam, ending the war"
  ],
  [
   "Détente",
   "Easing of tensions between the US and USSR in the 1970s"
  ],
  [
   "Richard Nixon",
   "President who visited China in 1972 and Moscow the same year"
  ],
  [
   "SALT I (1972)",
   "First treaty limiting some nuclear weapons"
  ],
  [
   "Apollo-Soyuz (1975)",
   "US and Soviet spacecraft docked in orbit"
  ],
  [
   "Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)",
   "Soviet troops entered Afghanistan, ending détente"
  ],
  [
   "1980 Olympic boycott",
   "The US and others stayed away from the Moscow Summer Games"
  ],
  [
   "Ronald Reagan",
   "President in the 1980s who built up defense and later negotiated with the USSR"
  ],
  [
   "Strategic Defense Initiative",
   "Reagan's plan for missile defense, nicknamed Star Wars"
  ],
  [
   "Mikhail Gorbachev",
   "Last Soviet leader; introduced glasnost and perestroika"
  ],
  [
   "Glasnost",
   "Gorbachev's policy of openness"
  ],
  [
   "Perestroika",
   "Gorbachev's policy of restructuring the Soviet economy"
  ],
  [
   "INF Treaty (1987)",
   "US-Soviet treaty eliminating a class of nuclear missiles"
  ],
  [
   "Reagan's Berlin speech (1987)",
   "Reagan urged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall"
  ],
  [
   "Solidarity",
   "Polish workers' movement that helped end communism in Poland"
  ],
  [
   "Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)",
   "On November 9, crowds opened the wall between East and West Berlin"
  ],
  [
   "German reunification (1990)",
   "East and West Germany joined as one nation"
  ],
  [
   "Collapse of the USSR (1991)",
   "The Soviet Union ended and split into 15 independent countries"
  ],
  [
   "Proxy war",
   "A war where powers back opposing sides in another country"
  ],
  [
   "Espionage",
   "Spying"
  ],
  [
   "Sino-Soviet split",
   "Rift between China and the Soviet Union in the 1960s"
  ],
  [
   "Marshall, Truman and Kennan",
   "Key figures in early containment; George Kennan wrote the 'Long Telegram'"
  ]
 ]
}