1607: Jamestown, Virginia, became the first lasting English settlement in North America 1619: The first enslaved Africans were brought to English Virginia; the House of Burgesses also first met 1620: The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on the Mayflower Mayflower Compact: A 1620 agreement by the Pilgrims to make fair laws and obey them 1621: The Pilgrims and Wampanoag shared a harvest feast, often called the first Thanksgiving 1630: Puritans led by John Winthrop founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony 1636: Roger Williams founded Rhode Island; Harvard College was also founded 1624: The Dutch began settling New Netherland, which later became New York 1664: England took New Amsterdam from the Dutch and renamed it New York 1682: William Penn founded Pennsylvania with Philadelphia as its city 1732: Georgia, the last of the 13 colonies, was founded by James Oglethorpe 1692: The Salem witch trials took place in Massachusetts 1754: The French and Indian War began in North America 1763: The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War; Britain won Canada Proclamation of 1763: British order that kept colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains Thirteen colonies: The British colonies on the Atlantic coast that became the first US states New England Colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware Southern Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia Jamestown's early leader: Captain John Smith, who insisted that settlers who did not work would not eat Pocahontas: A Powhatan girl connected to Jamestown who later married colonist John Rolfe John Rolfe: Jamestown settler whose tobacco crop made Virginia profitable Cash crop: A crop grown mainly to be sold, like tobacco in Virginia Squanto: A Patuxet man who taught the Pilgrims to grow corn and fish William Bradford: Governor of Plymouth Colony for many years Anne Hutchinson: A Puritan woman banished from Massachusetts for her religious ideas Roger Williams: Believed in separating church and government and in fair treatment of Native Americans Lord Baltimore: Founder of Maryland, planned as a home for English Catholics William Penn: A Quaker who made Pennsylvania a place of religious freedom Quakers: A Christian group that valued peace and equality Puritans: English Protestants who wanted to make the church simpler and purer Pilgrims: Separatists who left England to worship in their own way Separatists: People who wanted to break away from the Church of England Indentured servant: A person who worked for a set number of years to pay for the trip to America Headright system: Virginia plan that gave land to anyone who paid for a settler's trip House of Burgesses: The first elected lawmaking group in the English colonies, started in Virginia in 1619 Town meeting: A New England gathering where townspeople voted on local matters Triangular trade: Trade routes linking New England, Africa and the West Indies Middle Passage: The forced sea voyage that carried enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Plantation: A large farm in the South that grew crops like tobacco, rice and indigo Slavery in the colonies: Forced labor of enslaved Africans, legal in all thirteen colonies at the time Great Awakening: A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s that spread through the colonies Jonathan Edwards: Preacher and leader of the Great Awakening Benjamin Franklin: Printer and inventor in Philadelphia; proposed the Albany Plan of Union in 1754 Albany Plan: Franklin's 1754 idea to unite the colonies for defense Join, or Die: Franklin's cartoon of a snake cut in pieces, urging the colonies to unite George Washington: A young Virginian who fought in the French and Indian War Fort Necessity: Small fort in Pennsylvania where Washington fought the French in 1754 Mercantilism: The idea that colonies exist to make the mother country rich Navigation Acts: British laws that made colonists trade mainly with Britain Salutary neglect: Britain's loose enforcement of colonial laws before 1763 Charter: A written document from the king giving a colony the right to exist Proprietary colony: A colony owned by one person or a family, like Pennsylvania Royal colony: A colony ruled directly by the king through a governor Virginia: The first of the thirteen colonies, founded at Jamestown Plymouth Colony: The Pilgrims' settlement in Massachusetts, begun in 1620 Boston: Main city of Massachusetts Bay and a busy colonial port Philadelphia: Largest colonial city by the 1770s; its name means brotherly love Charleston: Main port of South Carolina Williamsburg: Capital of colonial Virginia from 1699 Pennsylvania Dutch: German-speaking settlers in Pennsylvania Hornbook: A paddle-shaped board that held a lesson sheet for young colonial students New England Primer: A popular colonial reading book for children Apprentice: A young person who learned a trade by working for a master Blacksmith: Colonial worker who made tools and nails from iron Cooper: Colonial craftsperson who made barrels Wampanoag: Native nation in what is now Massachusetts who met the Pilgrims Powhatan Confederacy: Alliance of Native nations in tidewater Virginia King Philip's War: 1675-1676 conflict between New England colonists and Native nations led by Metacom Metacom: Wampanoag leader, called King Philip by the English Fur trade: Trade in animal pelts, important to the French and Dutch in North America New France: French territory in North America, centered on Quebec Quebec: City founded by the French in 1608 Samuel de Champlain: French explorer who founded Quebec Henry Hudson: English explorer working for the Dutch who sailed into the Hudson River in 1609 Peter Stuyvesant: Last Dutch governor of New Amsterdam St. Augustine: Spanish settlement in Florida, founded in 1565, the oldest European-founded city in the US Lost Colony of Roanoke: English settlement in 1587 whose people had vanished by 1590 Virginia Dare: First English child born in the Americas, at Roanoke in 1587 Free flashcards from Peabody at peabody.kids/flashcards/us-colonial-america