{ "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-early-republic", "id": "us-early-republic", "title": "The Early Republic (1783-1840)", "category": "history", "subject": "US History", "levels": [ "6-8", "9-12" ], "description": "Building a new nation: the Constitution, first presidents, the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812 and the age of Jackson.", "tags": [ "early republic", "constitution", "war of 1812", "jackson" ], "frontLabel": "Term or event", "backLabel": "Meaning", "cards": [ [ "Articles of Confederation", "First national plan of government (1781); it gave Congress little power" ], [ "Shays' Rebellion (1786-87)", "Farmers in Massachusetts protested debts and taxes, showing the need for a stronger government" ], [ "Northwest Ordinance (1787)", "Law for organizing new states north of the Ohio River and banning slavery there" ], [ "Constitutional Convention (1787)", "Philadelphia meeting that wrote the US Constitution" ], [ "James Madison", "Called the Father of the Constitution; fourth president" ], [ "Great Compromise", "Deal creating a Senate with equal votes and a House based on population" ], [ "Three-Fifths Compromise", "Counted three-fifths of enslaved people toward a state's population for representation" ], [ "Federalists", "Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong national government" ], [ "Anti-Federalists", "Opponents of the Constitution who feared a too-powerful government" ], [ "Federalist Papers", "Essays by Hamilton, Madison and Jay urging states to ratify the Constitution" ], [ "Bill of Rights", "First ten amendments, added in 1791" ], [ "Ratification", "Formal approval; nine states had to approve the Constitution" ], [ "George Washington", "First president, serving 1789 to 1797" ], [ "Cabinet", "Group of top advisers to the president" ], [ "Alexander Hamilton", "First Secretary of the Treasury; wanted a national bank and a strong economy" ], [ "Thomas Jefferson", "First Secretary of State and third president" ], [ "National bank", "Hamilton's plan for a bank to hold government money and print a stable currency" ], [ "Whiskey Rebellion (1794)", "Western Pennsylvania farmers protested a tax on whiskey; Washington sent troops" ], [ "Washington's Farewell Address", "Warned against political parties and entangling alliances with other nations" ], [ "Judiciary Act of 1789", "Created the federal court system" ], [ "Political parties", "Federalists (Hamilton) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) formed in the 1790s" ], [ "John Adams", "Second president, 1797 to 1801" ], [ "XYZ Affair (1797)", "French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats, angering the public" ], [ "Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)", "Laws that limited immigrants' rights and criticism of the government" ], [ "Election of 1800", "Jefferson defeated Adams in a vote that moved power peacefully between parties" ], [ "Marbury v. Madison (1803)", "Supreme Court case that set up judicial review" ], [ "Judicial review", "The courts' power to decide that a law goes against the Constitution" ], [ "John Marshall", "Chief Justice who made the Supreme Court a strong branch" ], [ "Louisiana Purchase (1803)", "Jefferson bought land from France that doubled the size of the US" ], [ "Lewis and Clark Expedition", "1804-1806 trip to explore the Louisiana Purchase and reach the Pacific" ], [ "Sacagawea", "Shoshone woman who guided and helped the Lewis and Clark expedition" ], [ "Corps of Discovery", "Name for the Lewis and Clark exploring group" ], [ "Zebulon Pike", "Army explorer who led an expedition in the Southwest and Rockies" ], [ "Embargo Act (1807)", "Jefferson's ban on American trade with other countries" ], [ "Impressment", "British practice of taking sailors off American ships to serve in its navy" ], [ "War Hawks", "Young Congress members who pushed for war with Britain in 1812" ], [ "War of 1812", "War between the US and Britain, 1812 to 1815" ], [ "Tecumseh", "Shawnee leader who built a Native alliance to resist settlers' expansion" ], [ "Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)", "William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's followers in Indiana" ], [ "USS Constitution", "Warship nicknamed Old Ironsides for its strong hull" ], [ "Burning of Washington (1814)", "British troops set fire to the Capitol and White House" ], [ "Francis Scott Key", "Wrote the words of The Star-Spangled Banner while watching Fort McHenry in 1814" ], [ "Fort McHenry", "Baltimore fort that withstood British bombardment in 1814" ], [ "Dolley Madison", "First lady who saved a portrait of Washington when the White House burned" ], [ "Treaty of Ghent (1814)", "Treaty that ended the War of 1812" ], [ "Battle of New Orleans (1815)", "Andrew Jackson's victory, fought after the treaty was signed" ], [ "Era of Good Feelings", "Period around 1817-1825 of national pride and one dominant party" ], [ "James Monroe", "Fifth president, 1817 to 1825" ], [ "Monroe Doctrine (1823)", "Warned European powers not to colonize the Americas" ], [ "Missouri Compromise (1820)", "Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; set a line for slavery's spread" ], [ "Erie Canal (1825)", "Canal linking the Hudson River to Lake Erie, speeding trade" ], [ "Eli Whitney", "Invented the cotton gin in 1793" ], [ "Cotton gin", "Machine that quickly cleaned cotton seeds, which increased demand for enslaved labor" ], [ "Industrial Revolution begins", "Early American factories, like Slater's mill in 1790, began making cloth" ], [ "Lowell mills", "Massachusetts textile factories that employed young women" ], [ "Steamboat", "Robert Fulton's Clermont made steam travel practical in 1807" ], [ "Market revolution", "Growth of roads, canals and factories that tied farms to markets" ], [ "Andrew Jackson", "Seventh president, 1829 to 1837; champion of the 'common man'" ], [ "Jacksonian democracy", "Expansion of voting rights to most white men, regardless of wealth" ], [ "Spoils system", "Giving government jobs to loyal supporters" ], [ "Indian Removal Act (1830)", "Law that led to forcing Native nations from southeastern lands" ], [ "Trail of Tears", "Forced march of the Cherokee and other nations to Indian Territory in the 1830s" ], [ "Worcester v. Georgia (1832)", "Supreme Court said states could not rule Cherokee land; Jackson did not enforce it" ], [ "Nullification Crisis", "South Carolina tried to cancel a federal tariff in 1832" ], [ "John C. Calhoun", "South Carolinian who defended states' power to nullify federal laws" ], [ "Second Great Awakening", "Religious revival of the early 1800s that inspired reform movements" ], [ "Abolitionist", "A person who wanted to end slavery" ], [ "Frederick Douglass", "Escaped from slavery and became a famed writer, speaker and abolitionist" ], [ "William Lloyd Garrison", "Boston editor who published The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper" ], [ "Seneca Falls Convention (1848)", "First women's rights convention, in New York" ], [ "Underground Railroad", "Secret network of people helping enslaved people reach freedom" ], [ "Harriet Tubman", "Escaped slavery and guided many others to freedom on the Underground Railroad" ], [ "Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)", "Virginia uprising by enslaved people led by Nat Turner" ], [ "Horace Mann", "Reformer who promoted free public schools" ], [ "Dorothea Dix", "Reformer who worked to improve care for people with mental illness" ], [ "Sequoyah", "Created the Cherokee writing system in the 1820s" ] ] }