{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-reconstruction-gilded-age",
 "id": "us-reconstruction-gilded-age",
 "title": "Reconstruction and the Gilded Age",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "US History",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "Rebuilding after the Civil War, then the age of big business, immigration, cities and reform (1865-1900).",
 "tags": [
  "reconstruction",
  "gilded age",
  "industry",
  "immigration"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term or event",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Reconstruction",
   "The years after the Civil War (1865-1877) when the South was rebuilt and rejoined the Union"
  ],
  [
   "Freedmen's Bureau",
   "Agency that helped formerly enslaved people with food, schools and work"
  ],
  [
   "Black Codes",
   "Southern laws that tried to limit the freedom of Black people after the war"
  ],
  [
   "Thirteenth Amendment",
   "Ended slavery in 1865"
  ],
  [
   "Fourteenth Amendment",
   "Gave citizenship and equal protection of the laws to people born in the US (1868)"
  ],
  [
   "Fifteenth Amendment",
   "Said the right to vote could not be denied because of race (1870)"
  ],
  [
   "Radical Republicans",
   "Congress members who wanted strong action to protect freed people"
  ],
  [
   "Andrew Johnson",
   "President who clashed with Congress and was impeached in 1868 but stayed in office"
  ],
  [
   "Impeachment",
   "Formal charges against an official that the House brings; the Senate holds the trial"
  ],
  [
   "Civil Rights Act of 1866",
   "First federal law to define citizenship and equal rights for Black Americans"
  ],
  [
   "Reconstruction Acts (1867)",
   "Divided the South into military districts and set rules to rejoin the Union"
  ],
  [
   "Hiram Revels",
   "First Black US senator, from Mississippi, in 1870"
  ],
  [
   "Carpetbaggers",
   "Name Southerners gave to Northerners who moved South after the war"
  ],
  [
   "Scalawags",
   "Name given to white Southerners who supported Reconstruction"
  ],
  [
   "Sharecropping",
   "System where farmers worked land for a share of the crop, often falling into debt"
  ],
  [
   "Ku Klux Klan",
   "Hate group formed in 1865 that used violence to stop Black Americans from voting"
  ],
  [
   "Enforcement Acts",
   "Laws of 1870-71 to protect voting rights and fight the Klan"
  ],
  [
   "Compromise of 1877",
   "Deal that made Rutherford Hayes president and ended Reconstruction"
  ],
  [
   "Jim Crow laws",
   "Southern laws that separated people by race"
  ],
  [
   "Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)",
   "Supreme Court allowed 'separate but equal' public facilities"
  ],
  [
   "Historically Black colleges",
   "Colleges like Howard and Fisk were founded to educate freed people"
  ],
  [
   "Booker T. Washington",
   "Educator who founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama"
  ],
  [
   "Gilded Age",
   "Period of great wealth for a few and hardship for many, roughly 1870s to 1900"
  ],
  [
   "Mark Twain",
   "Author who named the era 'the Gilded Age' in a novel"
  ],
  [
   "Industrialization",
   "Growth of factories and machines making goods"
  ],
  [
   "Robber barons",
   "Critics' name for rich business owners accused of unfair practices"
  ],
  [
   "Andrew Carnegie",
   "Steel tycoon who later gave away millions to build libraries"
  ],
  [
   "John D. Rockefeller",
   "Founder of Standard Oil, the largest oil company"
  ],
  [
   "J.P. Morgan",
   "Banker who financed and organized huge companies"
  ],
  [
   "Cornelius Vanderbilt",
   "Railroad and shipping tycoon"
  ],
  [
   "Monopoly",
   "When one company controls an industry, leaving buyers little choice"
  ],
  [
   "Trust",
   "A group of companies joined to control a market"
  ],
  [
   "Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)",
   "Law meant to stop monopolies"
  ],
  [
   "Laissez-faire",
   "Idea that government should stay out of business"
  ],
  [
   "Thomas Edison",
   "Inventor of the practical light bulb and a research laboratory at Menlo Park"
  ],
  [
   "Alexander Graham Bell",
   "Patented the telephone in 1876"
  ],
  [
   "Bessemer process",
   "Method for making steel cheaply and in large amounts"
  ],
  [
   "Skyscraper",
   "Tall steel-frame building; first rose in Chicago in the 1880s"
  ],
  [
   "Electric streetcar",
   "Let cities spread outward"
  ],
  [
   "Urbanization",
   "Growth of cities"
  ],
  [
   "Tenement",
   "Crowded city apartment building, often with poor light and air"
  ],
  [
   "Jacob Riis",
   "Photographer who showed the crowded lives of poor people in New York"
  ],
  [
   "Jane Addams",
   "Founded Hull House in Chicago to help immigrants and the poor"
  ],
  [
   "Settlement house",
   "Community center in a poor neighborhood offering classes and care"
  ],
  [
   "Ellis Island",
   "New York immigration station that opened in 1892"
  ],
  [
   "Statue of Liberty",
   "Gift from France, dedicated in 1886"
  ],
  [
   "Angel Island",
   "California immigration station that mostly processed Asian immigrants"
  ],
  [
   "Nativism",
   "Favoring native-born people over immigrants"
  ],
  [
   "Old immigrants",
   "Mostly from northern and western Europe"
  ],
  [
   "New immigrants",
   "Late 1800s arrivals from southern and eastern Europe, like Italy and Poland"
  ],
  [
   "Labor union",
   "A group of workers who join to ask for better pay and conditions"
  ],
  [
   "American Federation of Labor",
   "Union group led by Samuel Gompers that organized skilled workers"
  ],
  [
   "Samuel Gompers",
   "Founding leader of the AFL"
  ],
  [
   "Strike",
   "Workers refusing to work until their demands are met"
  ],
  [
   "Haymarket Affair (1886)",
   "A Chicago labor rally ended in a bomb blast and deaths"
  ],
  [
   "Homestead Strike (1892)",
   "Steelworkers' strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie Steel"
  ],
  [
   "Pullman Strike (1894)",
   "Railroad workers' strike that stopped trains across the nation"
  ],
  [
   "Eugene Debs",
   "Leader of the American Railway Union during the Pullman Strike"
  ],
  [
   "Child labor",
   "Children working in mines and factories, common before reform laws"
  ],
  [
   "Populist Party",
   "1890s farmers' party that wanted silver coins, regulation of railroads and an income tax"
  ],
  [
   "William Jennings Bryan",
   "Populist-backed candidate famous for the 'Cross of Gold' speech in 1896"
  ],
  [
   "Gold standard",
   "Money system where paper money is tied to gold"
  ],
  [
   "Political machine",
   "Organization that controlled a city's government, such as Tammany Hall"
  ],
  [
   "Boss Tweed",
   "Leader of Tammany Hall in New York, jailed for corruption"
  ],
  [
   "Spoils system",
   "Giving government jobs to supporters"
  ],
  [
   "Pendleton Act (1883)",
   "Created a civil service system where jobs go by merit"
  ],
  [
   "James Garfield",
   "Twentieth president, shot in 1881 by a man who wanted a government job"
  ],
  [
   "Interstate Commerce Act (1887)",
   "First law to regulate railroads"
  ],
  [
   "Spanish-American War (1898)",
   "War with Spain that gave the US Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines"
  ],
  [
   "USS Maine",
   "Battleship that exploded in Havana harbor in 1898, increasing calls for war"
  ],
  [
   "Rough Riders",
   "Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt in Cuba"
  ],
  [
   "Annexation of Hawaii (1898)",
   "The US took over the islands after Queen Liliuokalani was removed in 1893"
  ],
  [
   "Queen Liliuokalani",
   "Last queen of Hawaii"
  ],
  [
   "Alaska Purchase (1867)",
   "US bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million"
  ],
  [
   "Seward's Folly",
   "Critics' mocking name for the Alaska purchase"
  ],
  [
   "Progressive Era",
   "Reform period from about 1890 to 1920"
  ],
  [
   "Ida B. Wells",
   "Journalist who wrote against lynching and for justice"
  ],
  [
   "Susan B. Anthony",
   "Leader of the fight for women's right to vote"
  ],
  [
   "Centennial Exposition (1876)",
   "World's fair in Philadelphia marking 100 years of independence"
  ]
 ]
}