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Reconstruction	The years after the Civil War (1865-1877) when the South was rebuilt and rejoined the Union		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Freedmen's Bureau	Agency that helped formerly enslaved people with food, schools and work		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Black Codes	Southern laws that tried to limit the freedom of Black people after the war		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Thirteenth Amendment	Ended slavery in 1865		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Fourteenth Amendment	Gave citizenship and equal protection of the laws to people born in the US (1868)		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Fifteenth Amendment	Said the right to vote could not be denied because of race (1870)		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Radical Republicans	Congress members who wanted strong action to protect freed people		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Andrew Johnson	President who clashed with Congress and was impeached in 1868 but stayed in office		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Impeachment	Formal charges against an official that the House brings; the Senate holds the trial		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Civil Rights Act of 1866	First federal law to define citizenship and equal rights for Black Americans		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Reconstruction Acts (1867)	Divided the South into military districts and set rules to rejoin the Union		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Hiram Revels	First Black US senator, from Mississippi, in 1870		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Carpetbaggers	Name Southerners gave to Northerners who moved South after the war		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Scalawags	Name given to white Southerners who supported Reconstruction		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Sharecropping	System where farmers worked land for a share of the crop, often falling into debt		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Ku Klux Klan	Hate group formed in 1865 that used violence to stop Black Americans from voting		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Enforcement Acts	Laws of 1870-71 to protect voting rights and fight the Klan		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Compromise of 1877	Deal that made Rutherford Hayes president and ended Reconstruction		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Jim Crow laws	Southern laws that separated people by race		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Supreme Court allowed 'separate but equal' public facilities		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Historically Black colleges	Colleges like Howard and Fisk were founded to educate freed people		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Booker T. Washington	Educator who founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Gilded Age	Period of great wealth for a few and hardship for many, roughly 1870s to 1900		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Mark Twain	Author who named the era 'the Gilded Age' in a novel		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Industrialization	Growth of factories and machines making goods		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Robber barons	Critics' name for rich business owners accused of unfair practices		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Andrew Carnegie	Steel tycoon who later gave away millions to build libraries		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
John D. Rockefeller	Founder of Standard Oil, the largest oil company		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
J.P. Morgan	Banker who financed and organized huge companies		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Cornelius Vanderbilt	Railroad and shipping tycoon		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Monopoly	When one company controls an industry, leaving buyers little choice		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Trust	A group of companies joined to control a market		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)	Law meant to stop monopolies		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Laissez-faire	Idea that government should stay out of business		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Thomas Edison	Inventor of the practical light bulb and a research laboratory at Menlo Park		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Alexander Graham Bell	Patented the telephone in 1876		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Bessemer process	Method for making steel cheaply and in large amounts		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Skyscraper	Tall steel-frame building; first rose in Chicago in the 1880s		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Electric streetcar	Let cities spread outward		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Urbanization	Growth of cities		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Tenement	Crowded city apartment building, often with poor light and air		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Jacob Riis	Photographer who showed the crowded lives of poor people in New York		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Jane Addams	Founded Hull House in Chicago to help immigrants and the poor		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Settlement house	Community center in a poor neighborhood offering classes and care		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Ellis Island	New York immigration station that opened in 1892		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Statue of Liberty	Gift from France, dedicated in 1886		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Angel Island	California immigration station that mostly processed Asian immigrants		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Nativism	Favoring native-born people over immigrants		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Old immigrants	Mostly from northern and western Europe		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
New immigrants	Late 1800s arrivals from southern and eastern Europe, like Italy and Poland		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Labor union	A group of workers who join to ask for better pay and conditions		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
American Federation of Labor	Union group led by Samuel Gompers that organized skilled workers		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Samuel Gompers	Founding leader of the AFL		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Strike	Workers refusing to work until their demands are met		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Haymarket Affair (1886)	A Chicago labor rally ended in a bomb blast and deaths		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Homestead Strike (1892)	Steelworkers' strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie Steel		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Pullman Strike (1894)	Railroad workers' strike that stopped trains across the nation		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Eugene Debs	Leader of the American Railway Union during the Pullman Strike		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Child labor	Children working in mines and factories, common before reform laws		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Populist Party	1890s farmers' party that wanted silver coins, regulation of railroads and an income tax		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
William Jennings Bryan	Populist-backed candidate famous for the 'Cross of Gold' speech in 1896		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Gold standard	Money system where paper money is tied to gold		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Political machine	Organization that controlled a city's government, such as Tammany Hall		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Boss Tweed	Leader of Tammany Hall in New York, jailed for corruption		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Spoils system	Giving government jobs to supporters		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Pendleton Act (1883)	Created a civil service system where jobs go by merit		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
James Garfield	Twentieth president, shot in 1881 by a man who wanted a government job		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)	First law to regulate railroads		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Spanish-American War (1898)	War with Spain that gave the US Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
USS Maine	Battleship that exploded in Havana harbor in 1898, increasing calls for war		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Rough Riders	Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt in Cuba		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Annexation of Hawaii (1898)	The US took over the islands after Queen Liliuokalani was removed in 1893		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Queen Liliuokalani	Last queen of Hawaii		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Alaska Purchase (1867)	US bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Seward's Folly	Critics' mocking name for the Alaska purchase		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Progressive Era	Reform period from about 1890 to 1920		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Ida B. Wells	Journalist who wrote against lynching and for justice		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Susan B. Anthony	Leader of the fight for women's right to vote		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Centennial Exposition (1876)	World's fair in Philadelphia marking 100 years of independence		us-reconstruction-gilded-age