{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-westward-expansion",
 "id": "us-westward-expansion",
 "title": "Westward Expansion",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "US History",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8"
 ],
 "description": "Trails, territories, gold, railroads and the people who lived on the lands of the American West.",
 "tags": [
  "west",
  "oregon trail",
  "gold rush",
  "manifest destiny"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term or event",
 "backLabel": "What it means",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Manifest Destiny",
   "1840s belief that the US was meant to spread across the continent"
  ],
  [
   "Oregon Trail",
   "Overland route of about 2,000 miles from Missouri to Oregon, used by wagon trains"
  ],
  [
   "Wagon train",
   "A group of covered wagons traveling west together"
  ],
  [
   "Prairie schooner",
   "Nickname for a covered wagon"
  ],
  [
   "Pioneers",
   "People who settled new lands ahead of others"
  ],
  [
   "Independence, Missouri",
   "A common starting town for the Oregon Trail"
  ],
  [
   "Santa Fe Trail",
   "Trade route from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico"
  ],
  [
   "Mormon Trail",
   "Route Brigham Young led members of the Latter-day Saints to Utah in 1847"
  ],
  [
   "Brigham Young",
   "Led the Mormon pioneers to the Salt Lake Valley"
  ],
  [
   "Texas Revolution (1835-36)",
   "Texans fought to break away from Mexico"
  ],
  [
   "The Alamo (1836)",
   "Mission in San Antonio where Texan defenders fell after a 13-day siege"
  ],
  [
   "Sam Houston",
   "Led Texans to victory at San Jacinto and became president of the Republic of Texas"
  ],
  [
   "Republic of Texas",
   "Independent nation from 1836 to 1845"
  ],
  [
   "Texas annexation (1845)",
   "Texas joined the United States as a state"
  ],
  [
   "Mexican-American War (1846-48)",
   "War between the US and Mexico over Texas and western lands"
  ],
  [
   "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)",
   "Ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico gave up California, Nevada, Utah and more"
  ],
  [
   "Mexican Cession",
   "Land the US received from Mexico in 1848"
  ],
  [
   "Gadsden Purchase (1853)",
   "US bought a strip of land from Mexico for a southern rail route"
  ],
  [
   "Oregon Treaty (1846)",
   "Agreement with Britain that set the northwest border at the 49th parallel"
  ],
  [
   "Gold Rush (1848-49)",
   "Gold found at Sutter's Mill in California drew about 300,000 people"
  ],
  [
   "Forty-niners",
   "Gold seekers who came to California in 1849"
  ],
  [
   "James Marshall",
   "Found gold at Sutter's Mill in January 1848"
  ],
  [
   "Prospector",
   "A person who searches for valuable minerals"
  ],
  [
   "Boomtown",
   "A town that grows suddenly, often near a gold or silver find"
  ],
  [
   "Ghost town",
   "A town left empty after the mines or railroads moved on"
  ],
  [
   "Comstock Lode",
   "Huge silver discovery in Nevada in 1859"
  ],
  [
   "Pony Express (1860-61)",
   "Rider relay that carried mail between Missouri and California in about ten days"
  ],
  [
   "Telegraph",
   "Machine that sent messages by electric wire; it ended the Pony Express in 1861"
  ],
  [
   "Homestead Act (1862)",
   "Gave 160 acres free to settlers who farmed it for five years"
  ],
  [
   "Homesteader",
   "A settler who claimed land under the Homestead Act"
  ],
  [
   "Sod house",
   "Prairie home built of cut blocks of grass and soil"
  ],
  [
   "Exodusters",
   "Black families who moved from the South to Kansas in the 1870s"
  ],
  [
   "Transcontinental railroad",
   "Rail line across the US, completed in 1869"
  ],
  [
   "Promontory Summit, Utah",
   "Site where the two railroads joined in 1869 with a golden spike"
  ],
  [
   "Union Pacific",
   "Railroad company that built west from Nebraska"
  ],
  [
   "Central Pacific",
   "Railroad company that built east from California"
  ],
  [
   "Chinese railroad workers",
   "Thousands of immigrants who did dangerous work building the Central Pacific"
  ],
  [
   "Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)",
   "Law that banned most Chinese immigration for ten years, then longer"
  ],
  [
   "Cattle drive",
   "Moving herds of cattle on foot to railroad towns"
  ],
  [
   "Chisholm Trail",
   "Route cattle drovers used from Texas to Kansas"
  ],
  [
   "Cowboy",
   "A worker who tends cattle on ranches and drives"
  ],
  [
   "Vaquero",
   "Mexican horseback herder whose methods shaped cowboy life"
  ],
  [
   "Buffalo (bison)",
   "Large grazing animal of the plains that Plains peoples depended on"
  ],
  [
   "Great Plains",
   "Wide grassland region in the middle of North America"
  ],
  [
   "Plains Indians",
   "Nations such as the Lakota, Cheyenne, Comanche and Crow who lived on the Plains"
  ],
  [
   "Lakota Sioux",
   "Plains nation of the northern plains and Black Hills"
  ],
  [
   "Black Hills",
   "Lakota sacred lands; gold found there in 1874 led to conflict"
  ],
  [
   "Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)",
   "Promised the Black Hills to the Lakota; later broken"
  ],
  [
   "Sitting Bull",
   "Lakota leader who resisted giving up Plains lands"
  ],
  [
   "Crazy Horse",
   "Lakota war leader who fought at Little Bighorn"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)",
   "Native warriors defeated Custer's troops in Montana"
  ],
  [
   "George Custer",
   "US Army officer killed at Little Bighorn"
  ],
  [
   "Wounded Knee (1890)",
   "Tragic killing of many Lakota people by US soldiers in South Dakota"
  ],
  [
   "Reservation",
   "Land set aside by treaty or law for Native nations to live on"
  ],
  [
   "Dawes Act (1887)",
   "Law that split reservation land into private plots, shrinking Native holdings"
  ],
  [
   "Indian boarding schools",
   "Schools that took Native children from families to change their culture"
  ],
  [
   "Chief Joseph",
   "Nez Perce leader who led a long retreat in 1877 and said he would fight no more forever"
  ],
  [
   "Geronimo",
   "Apache leader who resisted US forces in the Southwest"
  ],
  [
   "Cherokee removal",
   "Forced move of the Cherokee from their southeastern homes in the 1830s"
  ],
  [
   "Donner Party",
   "California-bound pioneers trapped by winter snow in 1846-47"
  ],
  [
   "Whitman Mission",
   "Missionary settlement in Oregon Country involved in tragic conflict in 1847"
  ],
  [
   "Lewis and Clark",
   "Explorers of the Louisiana Purchase 1804-1806 who opened interest in the West"
  ],
  [
   "Louisiana Purchase",
   "1803 land deal from France that opened the West"
  ],
  [
   "Frontier",
   "Edge of settled land, where few people lived"
  ],
  [
   "Frederick Jackson Turner",
   "Historian who argued in 1893 that the frontier shaped American life"
  ],
  [
   "Annie Oakley",
   "Sharpshooter famous in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show"
  ],
  [
   "Buffalo Bill Cody",
   "Showman whose Wild West show toured the US and Europe"
  ],
  [
   "Laura Ingalls Wilder",
   "Author of the Little House books about prairie childhood"
  ],
  [
   "Mountain men",
   "Trappers who lived in the Rockies and traded furs"
  ],
  [
   "Jim Bridger",
   "Mountain man and guide who knew the Rockies well"
  ],
  [
   "Kit Carson",
   "Scout and guide in the West"
  ],
  [
   "Rocky Mountains",
   "Mountain chain that wagon trains crossed through passes like South Pass"
  ],
  [
   "South Pass",
   "Wide Rocky Mountain gap in Wyoming used by the Oregon Trail"
  ],
  [
   "Fort Laramie",
   "Fort in Wyoming that served as a stop on the Oregon Trail"
  ],
  [
   "Statehood for California (1850)",
   "California entered as a free state after the Gold Rush"
  ],
  [
   "Utah Territory",
   "Settled by Mormon pioneers around Salt Lake City"
  ],
  [
   "Land rush (1889)",
   "Settlers raced to claim free lands in Oklahoma"
  ],
  [
   "Oklahoma Territory",
   "Opened to settlers by land runs beginning in 1889"
  ],
  [
   "Barbed wire",
   "Cheap fencing that let ranchers and farmers close off land in the 1870s"
  ],
  [
   "Steel plow",
   "John Deere's plow that could cut through tough prairie sod"
  ],
  [
   "Windmill",
   "Tool that pumped water for farms and ranches on dry plains"
  ]
 ]
}