{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-ancient-egypt",
 "id": "world-ancient-egypt",
 "title": "Ancient Egypt",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "World History",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8"
 ],
 "description": "Pharaohs, pyramids, the Nile and daily life in ancient Egypt.",
 "tags": [
  "egypt",
  "pharaoh",
  "pyramids",
  "nile"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Nile River",
   "Long river whose yearly flood made Egyptian farmland rich"
  ],
  [
   "Delta",
   "Fan-shaped land where the Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea"
  ],
  [
   "Upper and Lower Egypt",
   "The two regions joined as one kingdom around 3100 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Narmer",
   "King traditionally credited with uniting Egypt"
  ],
  [
   "Pharaoh",
   "Ruler of ancient Egypt, seen as a god-king"
  ],
  [
   "Dynasty",
   "A line of rulers from the same family"
  ],
  [
   "Old Kingdom",
   "Period of the great pyramids, about 2686-2181 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Middle Kingdom",
   "Period of reunified and strong rule, about 2055-1650 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "New Kingdom",
   "Period of Egypt's greatest power, about 1550-1070 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Pyramid",
   "Huge stone tomb built for a pharaoh"
  ],
  [
   "Great Pyramid of Giza",
   "Built for Khufu; the tallest human-made structure for thousands of years"
  ],
  [
   "Khufu",
   "Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid"
  ],
  [
   "Sphinx",
   "Giant statue with a lion's body and a human head at Giza"
  ],
  [
   "Giza",
   "Site near Cairo with the three famous pyramids"
  ],
  [
   "Imhotep",
   "Architect of the first step pyramid, later honored as a god of healing"
  ],
  [
   "Step Pyramid of Djoser",
   "Egypt's first large stone pyramid, at Saqqara"
  ],
  [
   "Mummy",
   "A preserved body wrapped in cloth"
  ],
  [
   "Mummification",
   "Process of drying and wrapping a body so it would last"
  ],
  [
   "Embalmer",
   "Priest who prepared a body for burial"
  ],
  [
   "Canopic jars",
   "Jars that held organs removed from a mummy"
  ],
  [
   "Sarcophagus",
   "Stone coffin"
  ],
  [
   "Afterlife",
   "Life believed to follow death"
  ],
  [
   "Book of the Dead",
   "Spells and prayers placed in tombs to guide the dead"
  ],
  [
   "Valley of the Kings",
   "Burial place of New Kingdom pharaohs near Luxor"
  ],
  [
   "Tutankhamun",
   "Boy pharaoh whose nearly untouched tomb was found in 1922"
  ],
  [
   "Howard Carter",
   "British archaeologist who found Tutankhamun's tomb"
  ],
  [
   "Hatshepsut",
   "Female pharaoh who sent a famous trading expedition to Punt"
  ],
  [
   "Ramses II",
   "Pharaoh who ruled for 66 years and built many monuments"
  ],
  [
   "Akhenaten",
   "Pharaoh who promoted worship of one sun disk, Aten"
  ],
  [
   "Nefertiti",
   "Queen and wife of Akhenaten, known for a famous bust"
  ],
  [
   "Cleopatra VII",
   "Last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt"
  ],
  [
   "Ptolemaic Dynasty",
   "Greek-speaking family that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great"
  ],
  [
   "Hieroglyphs",
   "Egyptian picture writing"
  ],
  [
   "Rosetta Stone",
   "Slab with the same text in three scripts, which helped decode hieroglyphs"
  ],
  [
   "Jean-Francois Champollion",
   "French scholar who deciphered hieroglyphs in 1822"
  ],
  [
   "Papyrus",
   "Paper-like writing material made from a river plant"
  ],
  [
   "Scribe",
   "Trained writer who recorded information"
  ],
  [
   "Cartouche",
   "Oval ring around a royal name in hieroglyphs"
  ],
  [
   "Ra",
   "Sun god, one of the most important Egyptian gods"
  ],
  [
   "Osiris",
   "God of the afterlife and rebirth"
  ],
  [
   "Isis",
   "Goddess of magic and motherhood"
  ],
  [
   "Horus",
   "Sky god shown as a falcon"
  ],
  [
   "Anubis",
   "Jackal-headed god of embalming"
  ],
  [
   "Thoth",
   "God of writing and wisdom"
  ],
  [
   "Hathor",
   "Goddess of music, joy and love"
  ],
  [
   "Bastet",
   "Cat goddess"
  ],
  [
   "Amun",
   "God who became the king of gods in the New Kingdom"
  ],
  [
   "Ma'at",
   "Goddess and idea of truth, balance and justice"
  ],
  [
   "Temple of Karnak",
   "Giant temple complex in Thebes"
  ],
  [
   "Abu Simbel",
   "Temples carved into a cliff by Ramses II"
  ],
  [
   "Thebes",
   "Important southern capital, now Luxor"
  ],
  [
   "Memphis",
   "Ancient capital near modern Cairo"
  ],
  [
   "Obelisk",
   "Tall four-sided stone pillar topped with a point"
  ],
  [
   "Inundation",
   "The Nile's yearly flood"
  ],
  [
   "Silt",
   "Fine, rich soil left behind by the flood"
  ],
  [
   "Shaduf",
   "Tool with a bucket on a pole used to lift water for fields"
  ],
  [
   "Irrigation",
   "Bringing water to crops by canals"
  ],
  [
   "Emmer wheat",
   "Ancient grain used to make bread"
  ],
  [
   "Linen",
   "Cloth made from flax, common in Egyptian clothing"
  ],
  [
   "Kohl",
   "Dark eye makeup that also helped reduce glare"
  ],
  [
   "Senet",
   "Popular Egyptian board game"
  ],
  [
   "Cataracts of the Nile",
   "Rocky rapids that made some stretches hard to sail"
  ],
  [
   "Nubia",
   "Land to Egypt's south, a trade partner and sometimes rival"
  ],
  [
   "Kush",
   "Powerful Nubian kingdom whose rulers once ruled Egypt"
  ],
  [
   "Hyksos",
   "Foreign rulers who controlled northern Egypt around 1650 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Chariot",
   "Light two-wheeled cart pulled by horses, used in war"
  ],
  [
   "Sea Peoples",
   "Groups of raiders who troubled Mediterranean lands around 1200 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Alexander the Great",
   "Conquered Egypt in 332 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Alexandria",
   "City founded by Alexander; home of a famous library and lighthouse"
  ],
  [
   "Pharos of Alexandria",
   "Great lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders"
  ],
  [
   "Roman conquest of Egypt",
   "Egypt became part of the Roman Empire in 30 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Cat in Egypt",
   "Cats were honored and protected"
  ],
  [
   "Deben",
   "Weight unit used in trading goods"
  ],
  [
   "Barter",
   "Trading goods without coins, as Egyptians often did"
  ],
  [
   "Social pyramid",
   "Pharaoh at the top, then nobles and priests, scribes, craftspeople, farmers"
  ],
  [
   "Soldier",
   "Army member; some became wealthy in the New Kingdom"
  ],
  [
   "Peasant farmers",
   "Most people; worked the land and helped build monuments in the flood season"
  ],
  [
   "Pyramid workers",
   "Paid, fed Egyptians who built the pyramids, not slaves as is commonly said"
  ],
  [
   "Ankh",
   "Symbol meaning life"
  ]
 ]
}