#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Nile River Long river whose yearly flood made Egyptian farmland rich world-ancient-egypt Delta Fan-shaped land where the Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea world-ancient-egypt Upper and Lower Egypt The two regions joined as one kingdom around 3100 BCE world-ancient-egypt Narmer King traditionally credited with uniting Egypt world-ancient-egypt Pharaoh Ruler of ancient Egypt, seen as a god-king world-ancient-egypt Dynasty A line of rulers from the same family world-ancient-egypt Old Kingdom Period of the great pyramids, about 2686-2181 BCE world-ancient-egypt Middle Kingdom Period of reunified and strong rule, about 2055-1650 BCE world-ancient-egypt New Kingdom Period of Egypt's greatest power, about 1550-1070 BCE world-ancient-egypt Pyramid Huge stone tomb built for a pharaoh world-ancient-egypt Great Pyramid of Giza Built for Khufu; the tallest human-made structure for thousands of years world-ancient-egypt Khufu Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid world-ancient-egypt Sphinx Giant statue with a lion's body and a human head at Giza world-ancient-egypt Giza Site near Cairo with the three famous pyramids world-ancient-egypt Imhotep Architect of the first step pyramid, later honored as a god of healing world-ancient-egypt Step Pyramid of Djoser Egypt's first large stone pyramid, at Saqqara world-ancient-egypt Mummy A preserved body wrapped in cloth world-ancient-egypt Mummification Process of drying and wrapping a body so it would last world-ancient-egypt Embalmer Priest who prepared a body for burial world-ancient-egypt Canopic jars Jars that held organs removed from a mummy world-ancient-egypt Sarcophagus Stone coffin world-ancient-egypt Afterlife Life believed to follow death world-ancient-egypt Book of the Dead Spells and prayers placed in tombs to guide the dead world-ancient-egypt Valley of the Kings Burial place of New Kingdom pharaohs near Luxor world-ancient-egypt Tutankhamun Boy pharaoh whose nearly untouched tomb was found in 1922 world-ancient-egypt Howard Carter British archaeologist who found Tutankhamun's tomb world-ancient-egypt Hatshepsut Female pharaoh who sent a famous trading expedition to Punt world-ancient-egypt Ramses II Pharaoh who ruled for 66 years and built many monuments world-ancient-egypt Akhenaten Pharaoh who promoted worship of one sun disk, Aten world-ancient-egypt Nefertiti Queen and wife of Akhenaten, known for a famous bust world-ancient-egypt Cleopatra VII Last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt world-ancient-egypt Ptolemaic Dynasty Greek-speaking family that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great world-ancient-egypt Hieroglyphs Egyptian picture writing world-ancient-egypt Rosetta Stone Slab with the same text in three scripts, which helped decode hieroglyphs world-ancient-egypt Jean-Francois Champollion French scholar who deciphered hieroglyphs in 1822 world-ancient-egypt Papyrus Paper-like writing material made from a river plant world-ancient-egypt Scribe Trained writer who recorded information world-ancient-egypt Cartouche Oval ring around a royal name in hieroglyphs world-ancient-egypt Ra Sun god, one of the most important Egyptian gods world-ancient-egypt Osiris God of the afterlife and rebirth world-ancient-egypt Isis Goddess of magic and motherhood world-ancient-egypt Horus Sky god shown as a falcon world-ancient-egypt Anubis Jackal-headed god of embalming world-ancient-egypt Thoth God of writing and wisdom world-ancient-egypt Hathor Goddess of music, joy and love world-ancient-egypt Bastet Cat goddess world-ancient-egypt Amun God who became the king of gods in the New Kingdom world-ancient-egypt Ma'at Goddess and idea of truth, balance and justice world-ancient-egypt Temple of Karnak Giant temple complex in Thebes world-ancient-egypt Abu Simbel Temples carved into a cliff by Ramses II world-ancient-egypt Thebes Important southern capital, now Luxor world-ancient-egypt Memphis Ancient capital near modern Cairo world-ancient-egypt Obelisk Tall four-sided stone pillar topped with a point world-ancient-egypt Inundation The Nile's yearly flood world-ancient-egypt Silt Fine, rich soil left behind by the flood world-ancient-egypt Shaduf Tool with a bucket on a pole used to lift water for fields world-ancient-egypt Irrigation Bringing water to crops by canals world-ancient-egypt Emmer wheat Ancient grain used to make bread world-ancient-egypt Linen Cloth made from flax, common in Egyptian clothing world-ancient-egypt Kohl Dark eye makeup that also helped reduce glare world-ancient-egypt Senet Popular Egyptian board game world-ancient-egypt Cataracts of the Nile Rocky rapids that made some stretches hard to sail world-ancient-egypt Nubia Land to Egypt's south, a trade partner and sometimes rival world-ancient-egypt Kush Powerful Nubian kingdom whose rulers once ruled Egypt world-ancient-egypt Hyksos Foreign rulers who controlled northern Egypt around 1650 BCE world-ancient-egypt Chariot Light two-wheeled cart pulled by horses, used in war world-ancient-egypt Sea Peoples Groups of raiders who troubled Mediterranean lands around 1200 BCE world-ancient-egypt Alexander the Great Conquered Egypt in 332 BCE world-ancient-egypt Alexandria City founded by Alexander; home of a famous library and lighthouse world-ancient-egypt Pharos of Alexandria Great lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders world-ancient-egypt Roman conquest of Egypt Egypt became part of the Roman Empire in 30 BCE world-ancient-egypt Cat in Egypt Cats were honored and protected world-ancient-egypt Deben Weight unit used in trading goods world-ancient-egypt Barter Trading goods without coins, as Egyptians often did world-ancient-egypt Social pyramid Pharaoh at the top, then nobles and priests, scribes, craftspeople, farmers world-ancient-egypt Soldier Army member; some became wealthy in the New Kingdom world-ancient-egypt Peasant farmers Most people; worked the land and helped build monuments in the flood season world-ancient-egypt Pyramid workers Paid, fed Egyptians who built the pyramids, not slaves as is commonly said world-ancient-egypt Ankh Symbol meaning life world-ancient-egypt