{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-ancient-india",
 "id": "world-ancient-india",
 "title": "Ancient and Classical India",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "World History",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "The Indus Valley, the Maurya and Gupta empires, major religions and ideas from India.",
 "tags": [
  "india",
  "indus valley",
  "maurya",
  "gupta"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Indus River",
   "River in South Asia where an early civilization grew"
  ],
  [
   "Indus Valley Civilization",
   "Early culture in today's Pakistan and India, about 2600-1900 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Harappa",
   "One of the main cities of the Indus Valley Civilization"
  ],
  [
   "Mohenjo-daro",
   "Major Indus city with a planned layout and a Great Bath"
  ],
  [
   "Great Bath",
   "Large water tank found at Mohenjo-daro"
  ],
  [
   "Grid plan",
   "Streets laid out in straight lines, as in Indus cities"
  ],
  [
   "Indus script",
   "Symbols on seals that have not yet been decoded"
  ],
  [
   "Seal",
   "Small stone with an image used to mark goods"
  ],
  [
   "Drainage",
   "Indus cities had covered drains for waste water"
  ],
  [
   "Monsoon",
   "Seasonal wind that brings heavy rains to South Asia"
  ],
  [
   "Himalayas",
   "Mountains north of the Indian subcontinent"
  ],
  [
   "Ganges River",
   "Sacred river in northern India"
  ],
  [
   "Subcontinent",
   "A large landmass that is part of a continent, like India"
  ],
  [
   "Vedic period",
   "Era following the Indus cities when the Vedas were composed"
  ],
  [
   "Vedas",
   "Oldest sacred texts of Hinduism"
  ],
  [
   "Sanskrit",
   "Ancient language of India used in sacred and scholarly writing"
  ],
  [
   "Hinduism",
   "Religion with many gods and ideas like karma and dharma"
  ],
  [
   "Brahman",
   "Hindu idea of the universal spirit"
  ],
  [
   "Karma",
   "Idea that actions have consequences"
  ],
  [
   "Dharma",
   "Duty or right way of living"
  ],
  [
   "Reincarnation",
   "Belief that souls are reborn in new lives"
  ],
  [
   "Moksha",
   "Release from the cycle of rebirth"
  ],
  [
   "Upanishads",
   "Texts about the nature of the self and the universe"
  ],
  [
   "Mahabharata",
   "Long epic poem that includes the Bhagavad Gita"
  ],
  [
   "Bhagavad Gita",
   "Section of the Mahabharata; a conversation about duty"
  ],
  [
   "Ramayana",
   "Epic poem about Rama and Sita"
  ],
  [
   "Caste system",
   "Division of society into groups by birth"
  ],
  [
   "Varna",
   "Four traditional groupings: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras"
  ],
  [
   "Dalits",
   "People historically outside the caste system, once called untouchables"
  ],
  [
   "Siddhartha Gautama",
   "Prince who became the Buddha, about 500s-400s BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Buddha",
   "Means 'awakened one'"
  ],
  [
   "Four Noble Truths",
   "Buddhist teaching about suffering and how to end it"
  ],
  [
   "Eightfold Path",
   "Buddhist guide to right living"
  ],
  [
   "Nirvana",
   "Peace beyond suffering in Buddhism"
  ],
  [
   "Bodh Gaya",
   "Place where the Buddha is said to have gained enlightenment"
  ],
  [
   "Jainism",
   "Religion that strongly stresses nonviolence"
  ],
  [
   "Mahavira",
   "Teacher who formed Jainism's main teachings"
  ],
  [
   "Ahimsa",
   "Principle of not harming living beings"
  ],
  [
   "Mahajanapadas",
   "Sixteen early Indian kingdoms and republics"
  ],
  [
   "Alexander in India",
   "Alexander the Great reached the Indus region in 326 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Chandragupta Maurya",
   "Founded the Maurya Empire, about 321 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Maurya Empire",
   "First empire to unite most of India"
  ],
  [
   "Ashoka",
   "Maurya emperor who embraced Buddhism and nonviolence"
  ],
  [
   "Ashoka's edicts",
   "Messages carved on pillars and rocks about fair rule"
  ],
  [
   "Chakravartin",
   "Wheel-turning ruler, an ideal king"
  ],
  [
   "Arthashastra",
   "Ancient book on government and strategy, linked to Kautilya"
  ],
  [
   "Pataliputra",
   "Capital of the Maurya Empire"
  ],
  [
   "Gupta Empire",
   "Dynasty from about 320 to 550 CE, called a golden age"
  ],
  [
   "Chandragupta I",
   "Founder of the Gupta Empire"
  ],
  [
   "Kalidasa",
   "Great Sanskrit poet and playwright of the Gupta era"
  ],
  [
   "Aryabhata",
   "Mathematician and astronomer who wrote about zero and Earth's rotation"
  ],
  [
   "Zero",
   "Number concept developed in India that made modern math easier"
  ],
  [
   "Decimal system",
   "Counting in base ten, developed in India"
  ],
  [
   "Hindu-Arabic numerals",
   "The digits 0 to 9 that came from India and spread through the Arab world"
  ],
  [
   "Chess",
   "Game that began in India as chaturanga"
  ],
  [
   "Iron pillar of Delhi",
   "Ancient pillar that has hardly rusted"
  ],
  [
   "Ajanta caves",
   "Rock-cut Buddhist caves with paintings"
  ],
  [
   "Ellora caves",
   "Rock-cut temples of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths"
  ],
  [
   "Stupa",
   "Dome-shaped Buddhist monument"
  ],
  [
   "Sushruta",
   "Ancient Indian physician known for surgery"
  ],
  [
   "Ayurveda",
   "Traditional Indian system of medicine"
  ],
  [
   "Yoga",
   "Practice of body, breath and mind that began in India"
  ],
  [
   "Spice trade",
   "Pepper and other spices from India were traded to many lands"
  ],
  [
   "Silk Road in India",
   "Indian goods like cotton, spices and gems moved along trade routes"
  ],
  [
   "Delhi Sultanate",
   "Muslim rulers in northern India, 1206-1526"
  ],
  [
   "Mughal Empire",
   "Empire founded by Babur in 1526 that ruled much of India"
  ],
  [
   "Akbar",
   "Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and a strong government"
  ],
  [
   "Shah Jahan",
   "Mughal emperor who built the Taj Mahal"
  ],
  [
   "Taj Mahal",
   "White marble tomb in Agra built in the 1600s"
  ],
  [
   "British East India Company",
   "Trading company that gained great power in India"
  ],
  [
   "Mahatma Gandhi",
   "Led India's nonviolent independence movement"
  ],
  [
   "Indian independence (1947)",
   "India gained freedom from British rule and was partitioned into India and Pakistan"
  ],
  [
   "Partition (1947)",
   "Division of British India into India and Pakistan"
  ],
  [
   "Diwali",
   "Festival of lights, celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains"
  ],
  [
   "Sikhism",
   "Religion founded by Guru Nanak in the 1400s in Punjab"
  ]
 ]
}