{ "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-ancient-rome", "id": "world-ancient-rome", "title": "Ancient Rome", "category": "history", "subject": "World History", "levels": [ "3-5", "6-8", "9-12" ], "description": "From a small city on the Tiber to the Republic and a vast empire, and what Rome left behind.", "tags": [ "rome", "republic", "empire", "caesar" ], "frontLabel": "Term", "backLabel": "Meaning", "cards": [ [ "Rome", "City on the Tiber River in Italy that grew into a huge empire" ], [ "Romulus and Remus", "Twin brothers in legend who founded Rome in 753 BCE" ], [ "Roman Republic", "Government with elected officials, from 509 BCE to 27 BCE" ], [ "Roman Empire", "Rome ruled by emperors, beginning in 27 BCE" ], [ "Senate", "Council of powerful Romans who advised leaders and made laws" ], [ "Consul", "One of two elected leaders of the Republic each year" ], [ "Patricians", "Wealthy, noble Roman families" ], [ "Plebeians", "Ordinary Roman citizens" ], [ "Tribune", "Official who protected the rights of plebeians" ], [ "Twelve Tables", "Rome's first written laws, about 450 BCE" ], [ "Punic Wars", "Three wars between Rome and Carthage, 264-146 BCE" ], [ "Carthage", "City in North Africa that rivaled Rome" ], [ "Hannibal", "Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps with war elephants" ], [ "Scipio Africanus", "Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202 BCE" ], [ "Julius Caesar", "General and leader who won Gaul and ruled Rome as dictator" ], [ "Crossing the Rubicon", "Caesar's 49 BCE move into Italy with his army, starting a civil war" ], [ "Ides of March", "March 15, 44 BCE, when Caesar was killed by senators" ], [ "Dictator (Rome)", "A leader given emergency power for a limited time" ], [ "Gaul", "Roman name for lands in modern France" ], [ "Mark Antony", "Roman general who allied with Cleopatra" ], [ "Augustus", "Rome's first emperor; formerly Octavian" ], [ "Octavian", "Caesar's adopted heir, who became Augustus" ], [ "Pax Romana", "About 200 years of relative peace and prosperity, starting under Augustus" ], [ "Tiberius", "Augustus's successor, second emperor" ], [ "Nero", "Emperor during the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE" ], [ "Trajan", "Emperor under whom the empire was largest, in 117 CE" ], [ "Hadrian", "Emperor who built a wall across northern Britain" ], [ "Marcus Aurelius", "Emperor and philosopher who wrote Meditations" ], [ "Constantine", "Emperor who moved the capital to Constantinople and ended the persecution of Christians" ], [ "Constantinople", "New eastern capital, now Istanbul" ], [ "Diocletian", "Emperor who split rule of the empire for easier control" ], [ "Fall of Rome (476 CE)", "Date often used for the end of the Western Roman Empire" ], [ "Byzantine Empire", "Eastern Roman Empire that lasted until 1453" ], [ "Latin", "Language of Rome; parent of Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian" ], [ "Roman numerals", "Number system using I, V, X, L, C, D and M" ], [ "Legion", "Main Roman army unit of about 5,000 soldiers" ], [ "Legionary", "Roman soldier" ], [ "Centurion", "Officer in charge of about 80 soldiers" ], [ "Gladius", "Short sword used by Roman soldiers" ], [ "Testudo", "Formation where soldiers locked shields into a shell" ], [ "Roman roads", "Paved roads that connected the empire; 'all roads lead to Rome'" ], [ "Aqueduct", "Bridge-like channel that carried water to cities" ], [ "Arch", "Curved structure the Romans used widely in buildings" ], [ "Concrete", "Strong building material the Romans developed" ], [ "Colosseum", "Huge arena in Rome for public shows, finished in 80 CE" ], [ "Gladiator", "Fighter who entertained crowds in arenas" ], [ "Circus Maximus", "Large Roman racetrack for chariots" ], [ "Forum", "Public square and center of Roman life" ], [ "Pantheon", "Roman temple with a famous domed roof, rebuilt around 126 CE" ], [ "Baths", "Public places to wash, relax and meet people" ], [ "Toga", "Draped garment worn by Roman citizens" ], [ "Villa", "Large country house of wealthy Romans" ], [ "Insula", "Apartment building for ordinary city residents" ], [ "Slavery in Rome", "Millions of people were enslaved; many were prisoners of war" ], [ "Spartacus", "Gladiator who led a large slave revolt from 73 to 71 BCE" ], [ "Jupiter", "King of the Roman gods" ], [ "Juno", "Queen of the gods" ], [ "Mars", "Roman god of war" ], [ "Venus", "Roman goddess of love" ], [ "Neptune", "Roman god of the sea" ], [ "Minerva", "Roman goddess of wisdom" ], [ "Pompeii", "Roman city buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE" ], [ "Mount Vesuvius", "Volcano near Naples that destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum" ], [ "Pliny the Younger", "Roman who wrote an eyewitness account of the Vesuvius eruption" ], [ "Virgil", "Poet who wrote the Aeneid" ], [ "Aeneid", "Epic poem about Aeneas, a Trojan hero linked to Rome's founding" ], [ "Cicero", "Famous Roman speaker and writer" ], [ "Christianity in Rome", "Spread through the empire and became the official religion in 380 CE" ], [ "Edict of Milan (313 CE)", "Declared tolerance for Christians" ], [ "Roman law", "Basis for many modern legal ideas, such as being innocent until proven guilty" ], [ "Republic's check and balance", "Two consuls could each veto the other" ], [ "Citizenship", "Rome gradually extended citizenship to many conquered peoples" ], [ "Mare Nostrum", "Latin for 'our sea', Rome's name for the Mediterranean" ], [ "Visigoths", "Germanic people who sacked Rome in 410 CE" ], [ "Attila the Hun", "Leader of the Huns who threatened Rome in the 400s" ], [ "Romulus Augustulus", "Last emperor of the Western Roman Empire" ], [ "Roman calendar", "Julius Caesar introduced the 365-day Julian calendar in 45 BCE" ], [ "Month names", "July is named for Julius Caesar and August for Augustus" ], [ "Hadrian's Wall", "Defensive wall in northern England built from 122 CE" ] ] }