#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Rome City on the Tiber River in Italy that grew into a huge empire world-ancient-rome Romulus and Remus Twin brothers in legend who founded Rome in 753 BCE world-ancient-rome Roman Republic Government with elected officials, from 509 BCE to 27 BCE world-ancient-rome Roman Empire Rome ruled by emperors, beginning in 27 BCE world-ancient-rome Senate Council of powerful Romans who advised leaders and made laws world-ancient-rome Consul One of two elected leaders of the Republic each year world-ancient-rome Patricians Wealthy, noble Roman families world-ancient-rome Plebeians Ordinary Roman citizens world-ancient-rome Tribune Official who protected the rights of plebeians world-ancient-rome Twelve Tables Rome's first written laws, about 450 BCE world-ancient-rome Punic Wars Three wars between Rome and Carthage, 264-146 BCE world-ancient-rome Carthage City in North Africa that rivaled Rome world-ancient-rome Hannibal Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps with war elephants world-ancient-rome Scipio Africanus Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202 BCE world-ancient-rome Julius Caesar General and leader who won Gaul and ruled Rome as dictator world-ancient-rome Crossing the Rubicon Caesar's 49 BCE move into Italy with his army, starting a civil war world-ancient-rome Ides of March March 15, 44 BCE, when Caesar was killed by senators world-ancient-rome Dictator (Rome) A leader given emergency power for a limited time world-ancient-rome Gaul Roman name for lands in modern France world-ancient-rome Mark Antony Roman general who allied with Cleopatra world-ancient-rome Augustus Rome's first emperor; formerly Octavian world-ancient-rome Octavian Caesar's adopted heir, who became Augustus world-ancient-rome Pax Romana About 200 years of relative peace and prosperity, starting under Augustus world-ancient-rome Tiberius Augustus's successor, second emperor world-ancient-rome Nero Emperor during the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE world-ancient-rome Trajan Emperor under whom the empire was largest, in 117 CE world-ancient-rome Hadrian Emperor who built a wall across northern Britain world-ancient-rome Marcus Aurelius Emperor and philosopher who wrote Meditations world-ancient-rome Constantine Emperor who moved the capital to Constantinople and ended the persecution of Christians world-ancient-rome Constantinople New eastern capital, now Istanbul world-ancient-rome Diocletian Emperor who split rule of the empire for easier control world-ancient-rome Fall of Rome (476 CE) Date often used for the end of the Western Roman Empire world-ancient-rome Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman Empire that lasted until 1453 world-ancient-rome Latin Language of Rome; parent of Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian world-ancient-rome Roman numerals Number system using I, V, X, L, C, D and M world-ancient-rome Legion Main Roman army unit of about 5,000 soldiers world-ancient-rome Legionary Roman soldier world-ancient-rome Centurion Officer in charge of about 80 soldiers world-ancient-rome Gladius Short sword used by Roman soldiers world-ancient-rome Testudo Formation where soldiers locked shields into a shell world-ancient-rome Roman roads Paved roads that connected the empire; 'all roads lead to Rome' world-ancient-rome Aqueduct Bridge-like channel that carried water to cities world-ancient-rome Arch Curved structure the Romans used widely in buildings world-ancient-rome Concrete Strong building material the Romans developed world-ancient-rome Colosseum Huge arena in Rome for public shows, finished in 80 CE world-ancient-rome Gladiator Fighter who entertained crowds in arenas world-ancient-rome Circus Maximus Large Roman racetrack for chariots world-ancient-rome Forum Public square and center of Roman life world-ancient-rome Pantheon Roman temple with a famous domed roof, rebuilt around 126 CE world-ancient-rome Baths Public places to wash, relax and meet people world-ancient-rome Toga Draped garment worn by Roman citizens world-ancient-rome Villa Large country house of wealthy Romans world-ancient-rome Insula Apartment building for ordinary city residents world-ancient-rome Slavery in Rome Millions of people were enslaved; many were prisoners of war world-ancient-rome Spartacus Gladiator who led a large slave revolt from 73 to 71 BCE world-ancient-rome Jupiter King of the Roman gods world-ancient-rome Juno Queen of the gods world-ancient-rome Mars Roman god of war world-ancient-rome Venus Roman goddess of love world-ancient-rome Neptune Roman god of the sea world-ancient-rome Minerva Roman goddess of wisdom world-ancient-rome Pompeii Roman city buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE world-ancient-rome Mount Vesuvius Volcano near Naples that destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum world-ancient-rome Pliny the Younger Roman who wrote an eyewitness account of the Vesuvius eruption world-ancient-rome Virgil Poet who wrote the Aeneid world-ancient-rome Aeneid Epic poem about Aeneas, a Trojan hero linked to Rome's founding world-ancient-rome Cicero Famous Roman speaker and writer world-ancient-rome Christianity in Rome Spread through the empire and became the official religion in 380 CE world-ancient-rome Edict of Milan (313 CE) Declared tolerance for Christians world-ancient-rome Roman law Basis for many modern legal ideas, such as being innocent until proven guilty world-ancient-rome Republic's check and balance Two consuls could each veto the other world-ancient-rome Citizenship Rome gradually extended citizenship to many conquered peoples world-ancient-rome Mare Nostrum Latin for 'our sea', Rome's name for the Mediterranean world-ancient-rome Visigoths Germanic people who sacked Rome in 410 CE world-ancient-rome Attila the Hun Leader of the Huns who threatened Rome in the 400s world-ancient-rome Romulus Augustulus Last emperor of the Western Roman Empire world-ancient-rome Roman calendar Julius Caesar introduced the 365-day Julian calendar in 45 BCE world-ancient-rome Month names July is named for Julius Caesar and August for Augustus world-ancient-rome Hadrian's Wall Defensive wall in northern England built from 122 CE world-ancient-rome