{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-enlightenment-revolutions",
 "id": "world-enlightenment-revolutions",
 "title": "The Enlightenment and Age of Revolutions",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "World History",
 "levels": [
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "Thinkers and revolutions that reshaped ideas about government and rights in the 1600s-1800s.",
 "tags": [
  "enlightenment",
  "french revolution",
  "locke",
  "napoleon"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term or person",
 "backLabel": "What to know",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Enlightenment",
   "18th-century movement that valued reason, science and individual rights"
  ],
  [
   "Age of Reason",
   "Another name for the Enlightenment"
  ],
  [
   "John Locke",
   "English thinker who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty and property"
  ],
  [
   "Natural rights",
   "Rights people have simply by being human"
  ],
  [
   "Social contract",
   "Idea that governments get their power from agreement with the governed"
  ],
  [
   "Thomas Hobbes",
   "Wrote Leviathan; argued people need a strong ruler to avoid chaos"
  ],
  [
   "Montesquieu",
   "French thinker who urged separation of powers"
  ],
  [
   "Separation of powers",
   "Dividing government into branches so none has too much power"
  ],
  [
   "Voltaire",
   "French writer who defended freedom of speech and religion"
  ],
  [
   "Jean-Jacques Rousseau",
   "Wrote The Social Contract; said the general will of the people should rule"
  ],
  [
   "Mary Wollstonecraft",
   "Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)"
  ],
  [
   "Adam Smith",
   "Wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), about markets and free trade"
  ],
  [
   "Isaac Newton",
   "Described gravity and the laws of motion"
  ],
  [
   "Scientific Revolution",
   "Era of new discoveries in astronomy, physics and medicine"
  ],
  [
   "Salons",
   "Gatherings where thinkers discussed ideas"
  ],
  [
   "Encyclopedia",
   "Diderot edited a French encyclopedia collecting knowledge"
  ],
  [
   "Enlightened despots",
   "Rulers who followed some Enlightenment ideas but kept power, like Catherine the Great"
  ],
  [
   "Absolute monarchy",
   "Government where a king or queen has total power"
  ],
  [
   "Louis XIV",
   "French Sun King, ruled 1643-1715, built Versailles"
  ],
  [
   "Versailles",
   "Grand palace outside Paris"
  ],
  [
   "English Civil War",
   "1642-1651 conflict between king and Parliament"
  ],
  [
   "Glorious Revolution (1688)",
   "Parliament replaced King James II with William and Mary peacefully"
  ],
  [
   "English Bill of Rights (1689)",
   "Limited the monarch's power and protected Parliament's rights"
  ],
  [
   "Constitutional monarchy",
   "King or queen with powers limited by law"
  ],
  [
   "American Revolution",
   "Colonies won independence from Britain, 1775-1783"
  ],
  [
   "French Revolution",
   "1789 uprising that ended the monarchy in France"
  ],
  [
   "Estates",
   "Three social groups in France: clergy, nobles and everyone else"
  ],
  [
   "Third Estate",
   "Common people, the vast majority of the French population"
  ],
  [
   "Estates-General",
   "French assembly called in 1789 that began the Revolution"
  ],
  [
   "National Assembly",
   "Group formed by the Third Estate in 1789"
  ],
  [
   "Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)",
   "Crowd attacked a Paris prison, a symbol of royal power"
  ],
  [
   "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen",
   "1789 French document of rights"
  ],
  [
   "Liberty, equality, fraternity",
   "Slogan of the French Revolution"
  ],
  [
   "Louis XVI",
   "French king executed in 1793"
  ],
  [
   "Marie Antoinette",
   "Queen of France, executed in 1793"
  ],
  [
   "Guillotine",
   "Device used for executions during the Revolution"
  ],
  [
   "Reign of Terror (1793-94)",
   "Period of extreme violence led by Robespierre"
  ],
  [
   "Robespierre",
   "Revolutionary leader of the Terror, later executed"
  ],
  [
   "Napoleon Bonaparte",
   "Army general who took power in France in 1799"
  ],
  [
   "Napoleonic Code",
   "French legal code that spread ideas of legal equality"
  ],
  [
   "Emperor Napoleon",
   "Crowned himself emperor in 1804"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Waterloo (1815)",
   "Napoleon's final defeat, in Belgium"
  ],
  [
   "Duke of Wellington",
   "British commander who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo"
  ],
  [
   "Congress of Vienna (1815)",
   "European leaders tried to restore order after Napoleon"
  ],
  [
   "Haitian Revolution",
   "Enslaved people in Haiti rebelled and won independence in 1804"
  ],
  [
   "Toussaint Louverture",
   "Leader of the Haitian Revolution"
  ],
  [
   "Haiti",
   "First nation led by formerly enslaved people to win independence"
  ],
  [
   "Simon Bolivar",
   "Led independence movements in northern South America"
  ],
  [
   "Jose de San Martin",
   "Led liberation efforts in Argentina, Chile and Peru"
  ],
  [
   "Miguel Hidalgo",
   "Priest who began Mexico's fight for independence in 1810"
  ],
  [
   "Mexican independence",
   "Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821"
  ],
  [
   "Brazil's independence",
   "Declared in 1822 by Pedro I"
  ],
  [
   "Revolutions of 1848",
   "Uprisings across Europe demanding liberal reforms"
  ],
  [
   "Nationalism",
   "Strong pride in one's nation"
  ],
  [
   "Unification of Italy",
   "Italy became one kingdom in 1861 with leaders like Garibaldi and Cavour"
  ],
  [
   "Giuseppe Garibaldi",
   "Italian general who led volunteers to take Sicily and Naples in 1860"
  ],
  [
   "Otto von Bismarck",
   "Prussian statesman who united Germany in 1871"
  ],
  [
   "German Empire (1871)",
   "Formed after the Franco-Prussian War"
  ],
  [
   "Liberalism",
   "Belief in individual freedom and limited government"
  ],
  [
   "Conservatism",
   "Belief in tradition and gradual change"
  ],
  [
   "Romanticism",
   "Art and literature stressing feeling, nature and imagination"
  ],
  [
   "Abolition of slave trade",
   "Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in its empire in 1833"
  ],
  [
   "William Wilberforce",
   "British politician who campaigned against the slave trade"
  ],
  [
   "Olympe de Gouges",
   "French writer of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791)"
  ],
  [
   "Tennis Court Oath",
   "Third Estate members swore in 1789 not to separate until France had a constitution"
  ],
  [
   "Bourgeoisie",
   "Middle class of merchants and professionals"
  ],
  [
   "Sans-culottes",
   "Working-class Parisian revolutionaries"
  ],
  [
   "Directory",
   "Five-man government that ruled France from 1795 to 1799"
  ],
  [
   "Metric system",
   "Created in revolutionary France, based on tens"
  ],
  [
   "Catherine the Great",
   "Russian empress (1762-1796) who corresponded with Voltaire"
  ],
  [
   "Frederick the Great",
   "King of Prussia, supporter of the arts and reforms"
  ]
 ]
}