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Enlightenment 18th-century movement that valued reason, science and individual rights world-enlightenment-revolutions
Age of Reason Another name for the Enlightenment world-enlightenment-revolutions
John Locke English thinker who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty and property world-enlightenment-revolutions
Natural rights Rights people have simply by being human world-enlightenment-revolutions
Social contract Idea that governments get their power from agreement with the governed world-enlightenment-revolutions
Thomas Hobbes Wrote Leviathan; argued people need a strong ruler to avoid chaos world-enlightenment-revolutions
Montesquieu French thinker who urged separation of powers world-enlightenment-revolutions
Separation of powers Dividing government into branches so none has too much power world-enlightenment-revolutions
Voltaire French writer who defended freedom of speech and religion world-enlightenment-revolutions
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract; said the general will of the people should rule world-enlightenment-revolutions
Mary Wollstonecraft Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) world-enlightenment-revolutions
Adam Smith Wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), about markets and free trade world-enlightenment-revolutions
Isaac Newton Described gravity and the laws of motion world-enlightenment-revolutions
Scientific Revolution Era of new discoveries in astronomy, physics and medicine world-enlightenment-revolutions
Salons Gatherings where thinkers discussed ideas world-enlightenment-revolutions
Encyclopedia Diderot edited a French encyclopedia collecting knowledge world-enlightenment-revolutions
Enlightened despots Rulers who followed some Enlightenment ideas but kept power, like Catherine the Great world-enlightenment-revolutions
Absolute monarchy Government where a king or queen has total power world-enlightenment-revolutions
Louis XIV French Sun King, ruled 1643-1715, built Versailles world-enlightenment-revolutions
Versailles Grand palace outside Paris world-enlightenment-revolutions
English Civil War 1642-1651 conflict between king and Parliament world-enlightenment-revolutions
Glorious Revolution (1688) Parliament replaced King James II with William and Mary peacefully world-enlightenment-revolutions
English Bill of Rights (1689) Limited the monarch's power and protected Parliament's rights world-enlightenment-revolutions
Constitutional monarchy King or queen with powers limited by law world-enlightenment-revolutions
American Revolution Colonies won independence from Britain, 1775-1783 world-enlightenment-revolutions
French Revolution 1789 uprising that ended the monarchy in France world-enlightenment-revolutions
Estates Three social groups in France: clergy, nobles and everyone else world-enlightenment-revolutions
Third Estate Common people, the vast majority of the French population world-enlightenment-revolutions
Estates-General French assembly called in 1789 that began the Revolution world-enlightenment-revolutions
National Assembly Group formed by the Third Estate in 1789 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) Crowd attacked a Paris prison, a symbol of royal power world-enlightenment-revolutions
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 1789 French document of rights world-enlightenment-revolutions
Liberty, equality, fraternity Slogan of the French Revolution world-enlightenment-revolutions
Louis XVI French king executed in 1793 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Marie Antoinette Queen of France, executed in 1793 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Guillotine Device used for executions during the Revolution world-enlightenment-revolutions
Reign of Terror (1793-94) Period of extreme violence led by Robespierre world-enlightenment-revolutions
Robespierre Revolutionary leader of the Terror, later executed world-enlightenment-revolutions
Napoleon Bonaparte Army general who took power in France in 1799 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Napoleonic Code French legal code that spread ideas of legal equality world-enlightenment-revolutions
Emperor Napoleon Crowned himself emperor in 1804 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Battle of Waterloo (1815) Napoleon's final defeat, in Belgium world-enlightenment-revolutions
Duke of Wellington British commander who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo world-enlightenment-revolutions
Congress of Vienna (1815) European leaders tried to restore order after Napoleon world-enlightenment-revolutions
Haitian Revolution Enslaved people in Haiti rebelled and won independence in 1804 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Toussaint Louverture Leader of the Haitian Revolution world-enlightenment-revolutions
Haiti First nation led by formerly enslaved people to win independence world-enlightenment-revolutions
Simon Bolivar Led independence movements in northern South America world-enlightenment-revolutions
Jose de San Martin Led liberation efforts in Argentina, Chile and Peru world-enlightenment-revolutions
Miguel Hidalgo Priest who began Mexico's fight for independence in 1810 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Mexican independence Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Brazil's independence Declared in 1822 by Pedro I world-enlightenment-revolutions
Revolutions of 1848 Uprisings across Europe demanding liberal reforms world-enlightenment-revolutions
Nationalism Strong pride in one's nation world-enlightenment-revolutions
Unification of Italy Italy became one kingdom in 1861 with leaders like Garibaldi and Cavour world-enlightenment-revolutions
Giuseppe Garibaldi Italian general who led volunteers to take Sicily and Naples in 1860 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Otto von Bismarck Prussian statesman who united Germany in 1871 world-enlightenment-revolutions
German Empire (1871) Formed after the Franco-Prussian War world-enlightenment-revolutions
Liberalism Belief in individual freedom and limited government world-enlightenment-revolutions
Conservatism Belief in tradition and gradual change world-enlightenment-revolutions
Romanticism Art and literature stressing feeling, nature and imagination world-enlightenment-revolutions
Abolition of slave trade Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in its empire in 1833 world-enlightenment-revolutions
William Wilberforce British politician who campaigned against the slave trade world-enlightenment-revolutions
Olympe de Gouges French writer of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791) world-enlightenment-revolutions
Tennis Court Oath Third Estate members swore in 1789 not to separate until France had a constitution world-enlightenment-revolutions
Bourgeoisie Middle class of merchants and professionals world-enlightenment-revolutions
Sans-culottes Working-class Parisian revolutionaries world-enlightenment-revolutions
Directory Five-man government that ruled France from 1795 to 1799 world-enlightenment-revolutions
Metric system Created in revolutionary France, based on tens world-enlightenment-revolutions
Catherine the Great Russian empress (1762-1796) who corresponded with Voltaire world-enlightenment-revolutions
Frederick the Great King of Prussia, supporter of the arts and reforms world-enlightenment-revolutions