{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-industrial-revolution",
 "id": "world-industrial-revolution",
 "title": "The Industrial Revolution",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "World History",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "Machines, factories, railroads, cities and reforms from the late 1700s through the 1800s.",
 "tags": [
  "industrial revolution",
  "factories",
  "steam",
  "railroads"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term or person",
 "backLabel": "What to know",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Industrial Revolution",
   "Shift from hand-made goods to machine production, starting in Britain in the 1700s"
  ],
  [
   "Why Britain first",
   "Coal and iron, capital, colonies, rivers and stable government"
  ],
  [
   "Textile industry",
   "Cloth-making; the first big factory industry"
  ],
  [
   "Spinning jenny",
   "James Hargreaves's machine (about 1764) that spun many threads at once"
  ],
  [
   "Water frame",
   "Richard Arkwright's water-powered spinning machine"
  ],
  [
   "Power loom",
   "Edmund Cartwright's machine for weaving cloth"
  ],
  [
   "Cotton gin",
   "Eli Whitney's 1793 invention for cleaning cotton"
  ],
  [
   "Flying shuttle",
   "John Kay's 1733 loom improvement"
  ],
  [
   "Steam engine",
   "Machine that turns heat into motion; James Watt improved it in the 1770s"
  ],
  [
   "James Watt",
   "Scottish engineer who made the steam engine efficient"
  ],
  [
   "Thomas Newcomen",
   "Built an early steam engine for pumping water from mines"
  ],
  [
   "Coal",
   "Main fuel of the Industrial Revolution"
  ],
  [
   "Iron and steel",
   "Key materials for machines, rails and bridges"
  ],
  [
   "Abraham Darby",
   "Found a way to smelt iron using coke"
  ],
  [
   "Bessemer process",
   "Method for cheap, large-scale steel production from the 1850s"
  ],
  [
   "Factory system",
   "Workers gather in one place to use powered machines"
  ],
  [
   "Division of labor",
   "Splitting a job into small steps, each done by a different worker"
  ],
  [
   "Interchangeable parts",
   "Standard-sized pieces that fit any copy of a product"
  ],
  [
   "Mass production",
   "Making goods in large numbers"
  ],
  [
   "Assembly line",
   "Workers add parts as a product moves down a line"
  ],
  [
   "Locomotive",
   "Self-moving steam engine for pulling trains"
  ],
  [
   "George Stephenson",
   "British engineer who built early railways and the Rocket locomotive"
  ],
  [
   "Railroad",
   "Rail line for trains; sped trade and travel"
  ],
  [
   "Steamboat",
   "Robert Fulton made steamboats practical in 1807"
  ],
  [
   "Canals",
   "Man-made waterways for moving goods"
  ],
  [
   "Telegraph",
   "Samuel Morse's electrical message system, 1840s"
  ],
  [
   "Telephone",
   "Alexander Graham Bell's 1876 patent"
  ],
  [
   "Electric light",
   "Thomas Edison developed a practical bulb in 1879"
  ],
  [
   "Alternating current",
   "Electric current type championed by George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla"
  ],
  [
   "Michael Faraday",
   "Scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction"
  ],
  [
   "Second Industrial Revolution",
   "Late 1800s boom in steel, oil, chemicals and electricity"
  ],
  [
   "Urbanization",
   "Movement of people from farms to cities"
  ],
  [
   "Slums",
   "Crowded poor neighborhoods"
  ],
  [
   "Working conditions",
   "Factory work meant long hours, low pay and danger"
  ],
  [
   "Child labor",
   "Children worked in factories and mines"
  ],
  [
   "Factory Acts",
   "British laws limiting working hours, especially for children"
  ],
  [
   "Trade union",
   "Group of workers organizing for better conditions"
  ],
  [
   "Luddites",
   "Workers who destroyed machines that threatened their jobs, 1811-1816"
  ],
  [
   "Capitalism",
   "Economic system of private ownership and profit"
  ],
  [
   "Socialism",
   "Idea that workers or the community should own the means of production"
  ],
  [
   "Karl Marx",
   "Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels"
  ],
  [
   "Charles Dickens",
   "Novelist who wrote about poverty in Victorian England"
  ],
  [
   "Middle class",
   "Growing group of factory owners, managers and professionals"
  ],
  [
   "Working class",
   "People who work in factories and mills"
  ],
  [
   "Public health",
   "Cities built sewers and clean water supplies after outbreaks like cholera"
  ],
  [
   "John Snow",
   "Physician who traced a London cholera outbreak in 1854 to a water pump"
  ],
  [
   "Edward Jenner",
   "Created the smallpox vaccine in 1796"
  ],
  [
   "Louis Pasteur",
   "Showed that germs cause disease and developed vaccines"
  ],
  [
   "Florence Nightingale",
   "Nurse who improved hospital hygiene in the Crimean War"
  ],
  [
   "Agricultural Revolution",
   "Better farming methods that freed workers for factories"
  ],
  [
   "Enclosure",
   "Fencing in common land, which pushed many farmers off the land"
  ],
  [
   "Seed drill",
   "Jethro Tull's machine for planting seeds in rows"
  ],
  [
   "Crop rotation",
   "Changing crops each year to keep soil rich"
  ],
  [
   "Reaper",
   "Cyrus McCormick's machine for harvesting grain (1830s)"
  ],
  [
   "Spread to America",
   "Samuel Slater built a cotton mill in Rhode Island in 1790"
  ],
  [
   "Lowell mill girls",
   "Young women who worked in Massachusetts textile mills"
  ],
  [
   "Industrial Japan",
   "Japan rapidly industrialized after the Meiji Restoration of 1868"
  ],
  [
   "Imperialism",
   "Strong nations taking control of other lands to get materials and markets"
  ],
  [
   "Raw materials",
   "Natural resources like cotton, rubber and metal used to make goods"
  ],
  [
   "Great Exhibition (1851)",
   "Showcase of industry held in London's Crystal Palace"
  ],
  [
   "Crystal Palace",
   "Iron-and-glass building made for the Great Exhibition"
  ],
  [
   "Suez Canal (1869)",
   "Canal across Egypt linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea"
  ],
  [
   "Transcontinental railroad",
   "US railroad completed in 1869"
  ],
  [
   "Trans-Siberian Railway",
   "Russian railroad begun in 1891 linking Moscow to the Pacific"
  ],
  [
   "Standard time",
   "Railroads led to time zones, set in the US in 1883"
  ],
  [
   "Department store",
   "New kind of large store that appeared in cities"
  ],
  [
   "Consumer goods",
   "Products bought by ordinary people"
  ],
  [
   "Patent",
   "Government grant giving an inventor sole rights to an invention"
  ],
  [
   "Telegraph cable",
   "Transatlantic cable first worked in 1858 and was reliable by 1866"
  ],
  [
   "Oil",
   "Drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859; later fueled engines"
  ],
  [
   "Internal combustion engine",
   "Engine that burns fuel inside cylinders to power cars"
  ],
  [
   "Automobile",
   "Karl Benz built an early practical car in 1885-86"
  ]
 ]
}