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Industrial Revolution Shift from hand-made goods to machine production, starting in Britain in the 1700s world-industrial-revolution
Why Britain first Coal and iron, capital, colonies, rivers and stable government world-industrial-revolution
Textile industry Cloth-making; the first big factory industry world-industrial-revolution
Spinning jenny James Hargreaves's machine (about 1764) that spun many threads at once world-industrial-revolution
Water frame Richard Arkwright's water-powered spinning machine world-industrial-revolution
Power loom Edmund Cartwright's machine for weaving cloth world-industrial-revolution
Cotton gin Eli Whitney's 1793 invention for cleaning cotton world-industrial-revolution
Flying shuttle John Kay's 1733 loom improvement world-industrial-revolution
Steam engine Machine that turns heat into motion; James Watt improved it in the 1770s world-industrial-revolution
James Watt Scottish engineer who made the steam engine efficient world-industrial-revolution
Thomas Newcomen Built an early steam engine for pumping water from mines world-industrial-revolution
Coal Main fuel of the Industrial Revolution world-industrial-revolution
Iron and steel Key materials for machines, rails and bridges world-industrial-revolution
Abraham Darby Found a way to smelt iron using coke world-industrial-revolution
Bessemer process Method for cheap, large-scale steel production from the 1850s world-industrial-revolution
Factory system Workers gather in one place to use powered machines world-industrial-revolution
Division of labor Splitting a job into small steps, each done by a different worker world-industrial-revolution
Interchangeable parts Standard-sized pieces that fit any copy of a product world-industrial-revolution
Mass production Making goods in large numbers world-industrial-revolution
Assembly line Workers add parts as a product moves down a line world-industrial-revolution
Locomotive Self-moving steam engine for pulling trains world-industrial-revolution
George Stephenson British engineer who built early railways and the Rocket locomotive world-industrial-revolution
Railroad Rail line for trains; sped trade and travel world-industrial-revolution
Steamboat Robert Fulton made steamboats practical in 1807 world-industrial-revolution
Canals Man-made waterways for moving goods world-industrial-revolution
Telegraph Samuel Morse's electrical message system, 1840s world-industrial-revolution
Telephone Alexander Graham Bell's 1876 patent world-industrial-revolution
Electric light Thomas Edison developed a practical bulb in 1879 world-industrial-revolution
Alternating current Electric current type championed by George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla world-industrial-revolution
Michael Faraday Scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction world-industrial-revolution
Second Industrial Revolution Late 1800s boom in steel, oil, chemicals and electricity world-industrial-revolution
Urbanization Movement of people from farms to cities world-industrial-revolution
Slums Crowded poor neighborhoods world-industrial-revolution
Working conditions Factory work meant long hours, low pay and danger world-industrial-revolution
Child labor Children worked in factories and mines world-industrial-revolution
Factory Acts British laws limiting working hours, especially for children world-industrial-revolution
Trade union Group of workers organizing for better conditions world-industrial-revolution
Luddites Workers who destroyed machines that threatened their jobs, 1811-1816 world-industrial-revolution
Capitalism Economic system of private ownership and profit world-industrial-revolution
Socialism Idea that workers or the community should own the means of production world-industrial-revolution
Karl Marx Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels world-industrial-revolution
Charles Dickens Novelist who wrote about poverty in Victorian England world-industrial-revolution
Middle class Growing group of factory owners, managers and professionals world-industrial-revolution
Working class People who work in factories and mills world-industrial-revolution
Public health Cities built sewers and clean water supplies after outbreaks like cholera world-industrial-revolution
John Snow Physician who traced a London cholera outbreak in 1854 to a water pump world-industrial-revolution
Edward Jenner Created the smallpox vaccine in 1796 world-industrial-revolution
Louis Pasteur Showed that germs cause disease and developed vaccines world-industrial-revolution
Florence Nightingale Nurse who improved hospital hygiene in the Crimean War world-industrial-revolution
Agricultural Revolution Better farming methods that freed workers for factories world-industrial-revolution
Enclosure Fencing in common land, which pushed many farmers off the land world-industrial-revolution
Seed drill Jethro Tull's machine for planting seeds in rows world-industrial-revolution
Crop rotation Changing crops each year to keep soil rich world-industrial-revolution
Reaper Cyrus McCormick's machine for harvesting grain (1830s) world-industrial-revolution
Spread to America Samuel Slater built a cotton mill in Rhode Island in 1790 world-industrial-revolution
Lowell mill girls Young women who worked in Massachusetts textile mills world-industrial-revolution
Industrial Japan Japan rapidly industrialized after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 world-industrial-revolution
Imperialism Strong nations taking control of other lands to get materials and markets world-industrial-revolution
Raw materials Natural resources like cotton, rubber and metal used to make goods world-industrial-revolution
Great Exhibition (1851) Showcase of industry held in London's Crystal Palace world-industrial-revolution
Crystal Palace Iron-and-glass building made for the Great Exhibition world-industrial-revolution
Suez Canal (1869) Canal across Egypt linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea world-industrial-revolution
Transcontinental railroad US railroad completed in 1869 world-industrial-revolution
Trans-Siberian Railway Russian railroad begun in 1891 linking Moscow to the Pacific world-industrial-revolution
Standard time Railroads led to time zones, set in the US in 1883 world-industrial-revolution
Department store New kind of large store that appeared in cities world-industrial-revolution
Consumer goods Products bought by ordinary people world-industrial-revolution
Patent Government grant giving an inventor sole rights to an invention world-industrial-revolution
Telegraph cable Transatlantic cable first worked in 1858 and was reliable by 1866 world-industrial-revolution
Oil Drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859; later fueled engines world-industrial-revolution
Internal combustion engine Engine that burns fuel inside cylinders to power cars world-industrial-revolution
Automobile Karl Benz built an early practical car in 1885-86 world-industrial-revolution