Industrial Revolution: Shift from hand-made goods to machine production, starting in Britain in the 1700s Why Britain first: Coal and iron, capital, colonies, rivers and stable government Textile industry: Cloth-making; the first big factory industry Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves's machine (about 1764) that spun many threads at once Water frame: Richard Arkwright's water-powered spinning machine Power loom: Edmund Cartwright's machine for weaving cloth Cotton gin: Eli Whitney's 1793 invention for cleaning cotton Flying shuttle: John Kay's 1733 loom improvement Steam engine: Machine that turns heat into motion; James Watt improved it in the 1770s James Watt: Scottish engineer who made the steam engine efficient Thomas Newcomen: Built an early steam engine for pumping water from mines Coal: Main fuel of the Industrial Revolution Iron and steel: Key materials for machines, rails and bridges Abraham Darby: Found a way to smelt iron using coke Bessemer process: Method for cheap, large-scale steel production from the 1850s Factory system: Workers gather in one place to use powered machines Division of labor: Splitting a job into small steps, each done by a different worker Interchangeable parts: Standard-sized pieces that fit any copy of a product Mass production: Making goods in large numbers Assembly line: Workers add parts as a product moves down a line Locomotive: Self-moving steam engine for pulling trains George Stephenson: British engineer who built early railways and the Rocket locomotive Railroad: Rail line for trains; sped trade and travel Steamboat: Robert Fulton made steamboats practical in 1807 Canals: Man-made waterways for moving goods Telegraph: Samuel Morse's electrical message system, 1840s Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell's 1876 patent Electric light: Thomas Edison developed a practical bulb in 1879 Alternating current: Electric current type championed by George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla Michael Faraday: Scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction Second Industrial Revolution: Late 1800s boom in steel, oil, chemicals and electricity Urbanization: Movement of people from farms to cities Slums: Crowded poor neighborhoods Working conditions: Factory work meant long hours, low pay and danger Child labor: Children worked in factories and mines Factory Acts: British laws limiting working hours, especially for children Trade union: Group of workers organizing for better conditions Luddites: Workers who destroyed machines that threatened their jobs, 1811-1816 Capitalism: Economic system of private ownership and profit Socialism: Idea that workers or the community should own the means of production Karl Marx: Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels Charles Dickens: Novelist who wrote about poverty in Victorian England Middle class: Growing group of factory owners, managers and professionals Working class: People who work in factories and mills Public health: Cities built sewers and clean water supplies after outbreaks like cholera John Snow: Physician who traced a London cholera outbreak in 1854 to a water pump Edward Jenner: Created the smallpox vaccine in 1796 Louis Pasteur: Showed that germs cause disease and developed vaccines Florence Nightingale: Nurse who improved hospital hygiene in the Crimean War Agricultural Revolution: Better farming methods that freed workers for factories Enclosure: Fencing in common land, which pushed many farmers off the land Seed drill: Jethro Tull's machine for planting seeds in rows Crop rotation: Changing crops each year to keep soil rich Reaper: Cyrus McCormick's machine for harvesting grain (1830s) Spread to America: Samuel Slater built a cotton mill in Rhode Island in 1790 Lowell mill girls: Young women who worked in Massachusetts textile mills Industrial Japan: Japan rapidly industrialized after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 Imperialism: Strong nations taking control of other lands to get materials and markets Raw materials: Natural resources like cotton, rubber and metal used to make goods Great Exhibition (1851): Showcase of industry held in London's Crystal Palace Crystal Palace: Iron-and-glass building made for the Great Exhibition Suez Canal (1869): Canal across Egypt linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea Transcontinental railroad: US railroad completed in 1869 Trans-Siberian Railway: Russian railroad begun in 1891 linking Moscow to the Pacific Standard time: Railroads led to time zones, set in the US in 1883 Department store: New kind of large store that appeared in cities Consumer goods: Products bought by ordinary people Patent: Government grant giving an inventor sole rights to an invention Telegraph cable: Transatlantic cable first worked in 1858 and was reliable by 1866 Oil: Drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859; later fueled engines Internal combustion engine: Engine that burns fuel inside cylinders to power cars Automobile: Karl Benz built an early practical car in 1885-86 Free flashcards from Peabody at peabody.kids/flashcards/world-industrial-revolution