{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-inventions-timeline",
 "id": "world-inventions-timeline",
 "title": "Inventions Through Time",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "World History",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8"
 ],
 "description": "Who invented what, and roughly when, from the wheel to the World Wide Web.",
 "tags": [
  "inventions",
  "timeline",
  "inventors"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Invention",
 "backLabel": "Who or when",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Fire control",
   "Early humans used fire for warmth and cooking, hundreds of thousands of years ago"
  ],
  [
   "Wheel",
   "Mesopotamia, about 3500 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Writing",
   "Sumer's cuneiform and Egypt's hieroglyphs, about 3200 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Plow",
   "Early farmers in Mesopotamia and Egypt"
  ],
  [
   "Bronze",
   "Metal alloy of copper and tin, about 3300 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Paper",
   "China, improved by Cai Lun about 105 CE"
  ],
  [
   "Papyrus",
   "Egyptian writing material from a river plant"
  ],
  [
   "Alphabet",
   "Developed by Phoenician traders, about 1050 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Coins",
   "Lydia (in modern Turkey), about 600 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Aqueduct",
   "Romans perfected water-carrying bridges"
  ],
  [
   "Concrete",
   "Romans widely used it in building"
  ],
  [
   "Compass",
   "China, used for navigation by about 1100 CE"
  ],
  [
   "Gunpowder",
   "China, about 900 CE"
  ],
  [
   "Woodblock printing",
   "China, by the 600s-700s CE"
  ],
  [
   "Movable type",
   "Bi Sheng in China (about 1040); Gutenberg in Europe (about 1450)"
  ],
  [
   "Eyeglasses",
   "Italy, late 1200s"
  ],
  [
   "Mechanical clock",
   "Europe, 1200s-1300s"
  ],
  [
   "Printing press",
   "Johannes Gutenberg, about 1450"
  ],
  [
   "Telescope",
   "Dutch lens makers, about 1608; Galileo improved it"
  ],
  [
   "Microscope",
   "Dutch makers around 1590s; Leeuwenhoek used one to see microbes"
  ],
  [
   "Thermometer",
   "Galileo and others in the early 1600s; Fahrenheit's mercury version in 1714"
  ],
  [
   "Barometer",
   "Evangelista Torricelli, 1643"
  ],
  [
   "Steam engine",
   "Newcomen 1712; Watt improved it in the 1770s"
  ],
  [
   "Lightning rod",
   "Benjamin Franklin, 1752"
  ],
  [
   "Hot air balloon",
   "Montgolfier brothers, 1783"
  ],
  [
   "Vaccine",
   "Edward Jenner, smallpox vaccine, 1796"
  ],
  [
   "Battery",
   "Alessandro Volta, 1800"
  ],
  [
   "Cotton gin",
   "Eli Whitney, 1793"
  ],
  [
   "Steamboat",
   "Robert Fulton, 1807"
  ],
  [
   "Locomotive",
   "George Stephenson built practical steam locomotives in the 1810s-1820s"
  ],
  [
   "Photography",
   "Daguerreotype process announced in 1839"
  ],
  [
   "Telegraph",
   "Samuel Morse, 1830s-1840s"
  ],
  [
   "Sewing machine",
   "Elias Howe, 1846, improved by Isaac Singer"
  ],
  [
   "Safety elevator",
   "Elisha Otis, 1850s"
  ],
  [
   "Pasteurization",
   "Louis Pasteur, 1860s"
  ],
  [
   "Dynamite",
   "Alfred Nobel, 1867"
  ],
  [
   "Typewriter",
   "Christopher Sholes, 1868"
  ],
  [
   "Telephone",
   "Alexander Graham Bell, 1876"
  ],
  [
   "Phonograph",
   "Thomas Edison, 1877"
  ],
  [
   "Light bulb",
   "Thomas Edison and others, 1879"
  ],
  [
   "Automobile",
   "Karl Benz, 1885-86"
  ],
  [
   "Pneumatic tire",
   "John Boyd Dunlop, 1888"
  ],
  [
   "Motion pictures",
   "Lumiere brothers, 1895"
  ],
  [
   "Radio",
   "Guglielmo Marconi's wireless telegraph, 1890s"
  ],
  [
   "X-rays",
   "Wilhelm Rontgen, 1895"
  ],
  [
   "Airplane",
   "Wright brothers, 1903"
  ],
  [
   "Model T",
   "Henry Ford, 1908"
  ],
  [
   "Zipper",
   "Gideon Sundback improved it in 1913"
  ],
  [
   "Television",
   "Philo Farnsworth demonstrated all-electronic TV in 1927"
  ],
  [
   "Penicillin",
   "Alexander Fleming, 1928"
  ],
  [
   "Jet engine",
   "Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain, 1930s"
  ],
  [
   "Helicopter",
   "Igor Sikorsky's practical helicopter, 1939-1940"
  ],
  [
   "Computer (ENIAC)",
   "First large general-purpose electronic computer, 1945"
  ],
  [
   "Transistor",
   "Bell Labs, 1947"
  ],
  [
   "Microwave oven",
   "Percy Spencer, 1945-47"
  ],
  [
   "Polio vaccine",
   "Jonas Salk, 1955"
  ],
  [
   "Satellite",
   "Sputnik 1, 1957"
  ],
  [
   "Integrated circuit",
   "Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, late 1950s"
  ],
  [
   "Laser",
   "Theodore Maiman built the first working laser in 1960"
  ],
  [
   "Moon landing",
   "Apollo 11, 1969"
  ],
  [
   "ARPANET",
   "Early network that led to the Internet, 1969"
  ],
  [
   "Email",
   "Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email in 1971"
  ],
  [
   "Personal computer",
   "Altair 8800 (1975); Apple II (1977)"
  ],
  [
   "Cell phone",
   "Martin Cooper made the first handheld mobile phone call in 1973"
  ],
  [
   "Compact disc",
   "Introduced in 1982"
  ],
  [
   "World Wide Web",
   "Tim Berners-Lee, 1989-1991"
  ],
  [
   "Web browser",
   "Mosaic in 1993 helped the Web take off"
  ],
  [
   "GPS",
   "US satellite navigation system fully operational in the 1990s"
  ],
  [
   "Smartphone",
   "Early models in the 1990s; iPhone in 2007"
  ],
  [
   "3D printing",
   "Chuck Hull invented stereolithography in 1984"
  ],
  [
   "Inventor of the safety pin",
   "Walter Hunt, 1849"
  ],
  [
   "Inventor of the Braille system",
   "Louis Braille, 1820s"
  ],
  [
   "Inventor of the stethoscope",
   "Rene Laennec, 1816"
  ],
  [
   "Inventor of the bifocal lens",
   "Benjamin Franklin, around 1784"
  ],
  [
   "Inventor of the crayon",
   "Binney & Smith began making Crayola crayons in 1903"
  ],
  [
   "Inventor of basketball",
   "James Naismith, 1891"
  ],
  [
   "Inventor of the traffic light signal",
   "Garrett Morgan patented an improved signal in 1923"
  ],
  [
   "Inventor of the Super Soaker",
   "Lonnie Johnson, 1980s"
  ]
 ]
}