{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-islamic-golden-age",
 "id": "world-islamic-golden-age",
 "title": "Islamic Civilization and the Golden Age",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "World History",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "The rise of Islam, the caliphates, and the science, math and art of the Islamic Golden Age.",
 "tags": [
  "islam",
  "caliphate",
  "baghdad",
  "golden age"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Islam",
   "Monotheistic religion that began in Arabia in the 600s CE"
  ],
  [
   "Muslim",
   "A follower of Islam"
  ],
  [
   "Muhammad",
   "Prophet of Islam, born in Mecca around 570 CE"
  ],
  [
   "Mecca",
   "Holy city in Arabia where Muhammad was born; the Kaaba is there"
  ],
  [
   "Medina",
   "City where Muhammad moved in 622 CE"
  ],
  [
   "Hijra",
   "The 622 journey from Mecca to Medina; Year 1 of the Islamic calendar"
  ],
  [
   "Quran",
   "Holy book of Islam"
  ],
  [
   "Allah",
   "Arabic word for God"
  ],
  [
   "Five Pillars of Islam",
   "Faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage"
  ],
  [
   "Shahada",
   "Statement of faith"
  ],
  [
   "Salat",
   "Prayer five times a day"
  ],
  [
   "Zakat",
   "Giving to people in need"
  ],
  [
   "Sawm",
   "Fasting during the month of Ramadan"
  ],
  [
   "Hajj",
   "Pilgrimage to Mecca, expected once in a lifetime if able"
  ],
  [
   "Ramadan",
   "Ninth month of the Islamic calendar, a month of fasting"
  ],
  [
   "Eid al-Fitr",
   "Festival marking the end of Ramadan"
  ],
  [
   "Mosque",
   "Muslim house of worship"
  ],
  [
   "Minaret",
   "Tower of a mosque from which the call to prayer is given"
  ],
  [
   "Caliph",
   "Successor to Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim community"
  ],
  [
   "Caliphate",
   "Government led by a caliph"
  ],
  [
   "Rashidun",
   "The first four caliphs after Muhammad"
  ],
  [
   "Umayyad Caliphate",
   "661-750; capital at Damascus"
  ],
  [
   "Abbasid Caliphate",
   "750-1258; capital at Baghdad"
  ],
  [
   "Sunni and Shia",
   "The two main branches of Islam, which differ over early leadership"
  ],
  [
   "Damascus",
   "Umayyad capital in Syria"
  ],
  [
   "Baghdad",
   "Founded in 762; the Abbasid capital and a center of learning"
  ],
  [
   "House of Wisdom",
   "Library and research center in Baghdad"
  ],
  [
   "Harun al-Rashid",
   "Famous Abbasid caliph, linked to Baghdad's glory"
  ],
  [
   "Al-Ma'mun",
   "Caliph who supported translation and science"
  ],
  [
   "Translation movement",
   "Scholars translated Greek, Persian and Indian works into Arabic"
  ],
  [
   "Al-Khwarizmi",
   "Mathematician whose name gave us the word algorithm"
  ],
  [
   "Algebra",
   "Name comes from al-jabr in al-Khwarizmi's book"
  ],
  [
   "Ibn al-Haytham",
   "Pioneer of optics who explained how vision works"
  ],
  [
   "Al-Razi",
   "Physician who wrote about measles and smallpox"
  ],
  [
   "Ibn Sina (Avicenna)",
   "Physician whose Canon of Medicine was used for centuries"
  ],
  [
   "Canon of Medicine",
   "Ibn Sina's encyclopedia of medicine"
  ],
  [
   "Al-Zahrawi",
   "Surgeon in Spain who wrote about surgical tools"
  ],
  [
   "Hospital (bimaristan)",
   "Public hospitals developed in Islamic cities"
  ],
  [
   "Al-Biruni",
   "Scholar who studied astronomy, geography and many subjects"
  ],
  [
   "Astrolabe",
   "Instrument used to find time and position of stars"
  ],
  [
   "Algorithm",
   "Step-by-step process for solving a problem; from al-Khwarizmi's name"
  ],
  [
   "Arabic numerals",
   "Digits we use today, passed on through Arab scholars from India"
  ],
  [
   "Al-Idrisi",
   "Geographer who made a world map for a Norman king in 1154"
  ],
  [
   "Ibn Khaldun",
   "Historian who wrote about the rise and fall of societies"
  ],
  [
   "Ibn Rushd (Averroes)",
   "Philosopher in Spain who wrote about Aristotle"
  ],
  [
   "Rumi",
   "Persian poet of the 1200s"
  ],
  [
   "One Thousand and One Nights",
   "Collection of tales including Aladdin and Sinbad"
  ],
  [
   "Arabic calligraphy",
   "Art of beautiful writing, important in Islamic art"
  ],
  [
   "Geometric patterns",
   "Repeated shapes used to decorate buildings and tiles"
  ],
  [
   "Arabesque",
   "Flowing, plant-like decorative pattern"
  ],
  [
   "Al-Andalus",
   "Muslim-ruled parts of Spain, 711-1492"
  ],
  [
   "Cordoba",
   "Capital of Al-Andalus with great libraries and a famous mosque"
  ],
  [
   "Great Mosque of Cordoba",
   "Spain's grand mosque with red-and-white arches"
  ],
  [
   "Alhambra",
   "Palace-fortress in Granada, Spain"
  ],
  [
   "Dome of the Rock",
   "Shrine in Jerusalem finished in 691"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Tours (732)",
   "Frankish victory that halted a Muslim advance into France"
  ],
  [
   "Seljuk Turks",
   "Turkic dynasty that ruled much of the Middle East in the 1000s"
  ],
  [
   "Ottoman Empire",
   "Empire that lasted from about 1299 to 1922"
  ],
  [
   "Suleiman the Magnificent",
   "Ottoman sultan in the 1500s"
  ],
  [
   "Mehmed II",
   "Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453"
  ],
  [
   "Istanbul",
   "Name for Constantinople under the Ottomans"
  ],
  [
   "Safavid Empire",
   "Persian empire (1501-1736) that made Shia Islam the state religion"
  ],
  [
   "Mughal Empire",
   "Islamic empire in India from 1526"
  ],
  [
   "Mongol sack of Baghdad (1258)",
   "Ended the Abbasid caliphate"
  ],
  [
   "Silk Road",
   "Muslim merchants traveled along these trade routes"
  ],
  [
   "Spice trade",
   "Muslim traders carried spices from Asia to Europe"
  ],
  [
   "Paper-making",
   "Skills reached the Islamic world from China and spread to Europe"
  ],
  [
   "Sugar and cotton",
   "Crops spread by Muslim farmers across the Mediterranean"
  ],
  [
   "Coffee",
   "Became popular in the Islamic world by the 1400s"
  ],
  [
   "Waterwheel and irrigation",
   "Islamic engineers improved ways to lift and spread water"
  ],
  [
   "Al-Jazari",
   "Engineer who wrote a book of ingenious machines in 1206"
  ],
  [
   "Fatima al-Fihri",
   "Founded al-Qarawiyyin in Fez in 859, often called the oldest degree-granting university"
  ],
  [
   "Mansa Musa",
   "Muslim king of Mali famous for his pilgrimage in 1324"
  ],
  [
   "Ibn Battuta",
   "Traveled about 75,000 miles across the Muslim world in the 1300s"
  ]
 ]
}