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Islam	Monotheistic religion that began in Arabia in the 600s CE		world-islamic-golden-age
Muslim	A follower of Islam		world-islamic-golden-age
Muhammad	Prophet of Islam, born in Mecca around 570 CE		world-islamic-golden-age
Mecca	Holy city in Arabia where Muhammad was born; the Kaaba is there		world-islamic-golden-age
Medina	City where Muhammad moved in 622 CE		world-islamic-golden-age
Hijra	The 622 journey from Mecca to Medina; Year 1 of the Islamic calendar		world-islamic-golden-age
Quran	Holy book of Islam		world-islamic-golden-age
Allah	Arabic word for God		world-islamic-golden-age
Five Pillars of Islam	Faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage		world-islamic-golden-age
Shahada	Statement of faith		world-islamic-golden-age
Salat	Prayer five times a day		world-islamic-golden-age
Zakat	Giving to people in need		world-islamic-golden-age
Sawm	Fasting during the month of Ramadan		world-islamic-golden-age
Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca, expected once in a lifetime if able		world-islamic-golden-age
Ramadan	Ninth month of the Islamic calendar, a month of fasting		world-islamic-golden-age
Eid al-Fitr	Festival marking the end of Ramadan		world-islamic-golden-age
Mosque	Muslim house of worship		world-islamic-golden-age
Minaret	Tower of a mosque from which the call to prayer is given		world-islamic-golden-age
Caliph	Successor to Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim community		world-islamic-golden-age
Caliphate	Government led by a caliph		world-islamic-golden-age
Rashidun	The first four caliphs after Muhammad		world-islamic-golden-age
Umayyad Caliphate	661-750; capital at Damascus		world-islamic-golden-age
Abbasid Caliphate	750-1258; capital at Baghdad		world-islamic-golden-age
Sunni and Shia	The two main branches of Islam, which differ over early leadership		world-islamic-golden-age
Damascus	Umayyad capital in Syria		world-islamic-golden-age
Baghdad	Founded in 762; the Abbasid capital and a center of learning		world-islamic-golden-age
House of Wisdom	Library and research center in Baghdad		world-islamic-golden-age
Harun al-Rashid	Famous Abbasid caliph, linked to Baghdad's glory		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Ma'mun	Caliph who supported translation and science		world-islamic-golden-age
Translation movement	Scholars translated Greek, Persian and Indian works into Arabic		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Khwarizmi	Mathematician whose name gave us the word algorithm		world-islamic-golden-age
Algebra	Name comes from al-jabr in al-Khwarizmi's book		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn al-Haytham	Pioneer of optics who explained how vision works		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Razi	Physician who wrote about measles and smallpox		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)	Physician whose Canon of Medicine was used for centuries		world-islamic-golden-age
Canon of Medicine	Ibn Sina's encyclopedia of medicine		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Zahrawi	Surgeon in Spain who wrote about surgical tools		world-islamic-golden-age
Hospital (bimaristan)	Public hospitals developed in Islamic cities		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Biruni	Scholar who studied astronomy, geography and many subjects		world-islamic-golden-age
Astrolabe	Instrument used to find time and position of stars		world-islamic-golden-age
Algorithm	Step-by-step process for solving a problem; from al-Khwarizmi's name		world-islamic-golden-age
Arabic numerals	Digits we use today, passed on through Arab scholars from India		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Idrisi	Geographer who made a world map for a Norman king in 1154		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn Khaldun	Historian who wrote about the rise and fall of societies		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn Rushd (Averroes)	Philosopher in Spain who wrote about Aristotle		world-islamic-golden-age
Rumi	Persian poet of the 1200s		world-islamic-golden-age
One Thousand and One Nights	Collection of tales including Aladdin and Sinbad		world-islamic-golden-age
Arabic calligraphy	Art of beautiful writing, important in Islamic art		world-islamic-golden-age
Geometric patterns	Repeated shapes used to decorate buildings and tiles		world-islamic-golden-age
Arabesque	Flowing, plant-like decorative pattern		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Andalus	Muslim-ruled parts of Spain, 711-1492		world-islamic-golden-age
Cordoba	Capital of Al-Andalus with great libraries and a famous mosque		world-islamic-golden-age
Great Mosque of Cordoba	Spain's grand mosque with red-and-white arches		world-islamic-golden-age
Alhambra	Palace-fortress in Granada, Spain		world-islamic-golden-age
Dome of the Rock	Shrine in Jerusalem finished in 691		world-islamic-golden-age
Battle of Tours (732)	Frankish victory that halted a Muslim advance into France		world-islamic-golden-age
Seljuk Turks	Turkic dynasty that ruled much of the Middle East in the 1000s		world-islamic-golden-age
Ottoman Empire	Empire that lasted from about 1299 to 1922		world-islamic-golden-age
Suleiman the Magnificent	Ottoman sultan in the 1500s		world-islamic-golden-age
Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453		world-islamic-golden-age
Istanbul	Name for Constantinople under the Ottomans		world-islamic-golden-age
Safavid Empire	Persian empire (1501-1736) that made Shia Islam the state religion		world-islamic-golden-age
Mughal Empire	Islamic empire in India from 1526		world-islamic-golden-age
Mongol sack of Baghdad (1258)	Ended the Abbasid caliphate		world-islamic-golden-age
Silk Road	Muslim merchants traveled along these trade routes		world-islamic-golden-age
Spice trade	Muslim traders carried spices from Asia to Europe		world-islamic-golden-age
Paper-making	Skills reached the Islamic world from China and spread to Europe		world-islamic-golden-age
Sugar and cotton	Crops spread by Muslim farmers across the Mediterranean		world-islamic-golden-age
Coffee	Became popular in the Islamic world by the 1400s		world-islamic-golden-age
Waterwheel and irrigation	Islamic engineers improved ways to lift and spread water		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Jazari	Engineer who wrote a book of ingenious machines in 1206		world-islamic-golden-age
Fatima al-Fihri	Founded al-Qarawiyyin in Fez in 859, often called the oldest degree-granting university		world-islamic-golden-age
Mansa Musa	Muslim king of Mali famous for his pilgrimage in 1324		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn Battuta	Traveled about 75,000 miles across the Muslim world in the 1300s		world-islamic-golden-age