Islam: Monotheistic religion that began in Arabia in the 600s CE Muslim: A follower of Islam Muhammad: Prophet of Islam, born in Mecca around 570 CE Mecca: Holy city in Arabia where Muhammad was born; the Kaaba is there Medina: City where Muhammad moved in 622 CE Hijra: The 622 journey from Mecca to Medina; Year 1 of the Islamic calendar Quran: Holy book of Islam Allah: Arabic word for God Five Pillars of Islam: Faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage Shahada: Statement of faith Salat: Prayer five times a day Zakat: Giving to people in need Sawm: Fasting during the month of Ramadan Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca, expected once in a lifetime if able Ramadan: Ninth month of the Islamic calendar, a month of fasting Eid al-Fitr: Festival marking the end of Ramadan Mosque: Muslim house of worship Minaret: Tower of a mosque from which the call to prayer is given Caliph: Successor to Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim community Caliphate: Government led by a caliph Rashidun: The first four caliphs after Muhammad Umayyad Caliphate: 661-750; capital at Damascus Abbasid Caliphate: 750-1258; capital at Baghdad Sunni and Shia: The two main branches of Islam, which differ over early leadership Damascus: Umayyad capital in Syria Baghdad: Founded in 762; the Abbasid capital and a center of learning House of Wisdom: Library and research center in Baghdad Harun al-Rashid: Famous Abbasid caliph, linked to Baghdad's glory Al-Ma'mun: Caliph who supported translation and science Translation movement: Scholars translated Greek, Persian and Indian works into Arabic Al-Khwarizmi: Mathematician whose name gave us the word algorithm Algebra: Name comes from al-jabr in al-Khwarizmi's book Ibn al-Haytham: Pioneer of optics who explained how vision works Al-Razi: Physician who wrote about measles and smallpox Ibn Sina (Avicenna): Physician whose Canon of Medicine was used for centuries Canon of Medicine: Ibn Sina's encyclopedia of medicine Al-Zahrawi: Surgeon in Spain who wrote about surgical tools Hospital (bimaristan): Public hospitals developed in Islamic cities Al-Biruni: Scholar who studied astronomy, geography and many subjects Astrolabe: Instrument used to find time and position of stars Algorithm: Step-by-step process for solving a problem; from al-Khwarizmi's name Arabic numerals: Digits we use today, passed on through Arab scholars from India Al-Idrisi: Geographer who made a world map for a Norman king in 1154 Ibn Khaldun: Historian who wrote about the rise and fall of societies Ibn Rushd (Averroes): Philosopher in Spain who wrote about Aristotle Rumi: Persian poet of the 1200s One Thousand and One Nights: Collection of tales including Aladdin and Sinbad Arabic calligraphy: Art of beautiful writing, important in Islamic art Geometric patterns: Repeated shapes used to decorate buildings and tiles Arabesque: Flowing, plant-like decorative pattern Al-Andalus: Muslim-ruled parts of Spain, 711-1492 Cordoba: Capital of Al-Andalus with great libraries and a famous mosque Great Mosque of Cordoba: Spain's grand mosque with red-and-white arches Alhambra: Palace-fortress in Granada, Spain Dome of the Rock: Shrine in Jerusalem finished in 691 Battle of Tours (732): Frankish victory that halted a Muslim advance into France Seljuk Turks: Turkic dynasty that ruled much of the Middle East in the 1000s Ottoman Empire: Empire that lasted from about 1299 to 1922 Suleiman the Magnificent: Ottoman sultan in the 1500s Mehmed II: Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 Istanbul: Name for Constantinople under the Ottomans Safavid Empire: Persian empire (1501-1736) that made Shia Islam the state religion Mughal Empire: Islamic empire in India from 1526 Mongol sack of Baghdad (1258): Ended the Abbasid caliphate Silk Road: Muslim merchants traveled along these trade routes Spice trade: Muslim traders carried spices from Asia to Europe Paper-making: Skills reached the Islamic world from China and spread to Europe Sugar and cotton: Crops spread by Muslim farmers across the Mediterranean Coffee: Became popular in the Islamic world by the 1400s Waterwheel and irrigation: Islamic engineers improved ways to lift and spread water Al-Jazari: Engineer who wrote a book of ingenious machines in 1206 Fatima al-Fihri: Founded al-Qarawiyyin in Fez in 859, often called the oldest degree-granting university Mansa Musa: Muslim king of Mali famous for his pilgrimage in 1324 Ibn Battuta: Traveled about 75,000 miles across the Muslim world in the 1300s Free flashcards from Peabody at peabody.kids/flashcards/world-islamic-golden-age