{ "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-medieval-europe", "id": "world-medieval-europe", "title": "Medieval Europe", "category": "history", "subject": "World History", "levels": [ "3-5", "6-8", "9-12" ], "description": "Castles, knights, the Church, feudalism, the Crusades, the Black Death and more.", "tags": [ "middle ages", "feudalism", "knights", "crusades" ], "frontLabel": "Term", "backLabel": "Meaning", "cards": [ [ "Middle Ages", "Period in Europe from about 500 to 1500 CE; also called the medieval era" ], [ "Medieval", "Of the Middle Ages" ], [ "Franks", "Germanic people who built a powerful kingdom in what is now France" ], [ "Charlemagne", "King of the Franks crowned emperor in 800" ], [ "Clovis", "First Frankish king to unite the Franks" ], [ "Vikings", "Seafaring Norsemen who raided and traded from the late 700s" ], [ "Longship", "Narrow, fast Viking vessel" ], [ "Leif Erikson", "Norse explorer who reached North America around 1000" ], [ "William the Conqueror", "Duke of Normandy who won England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066" ], [ "Battle of Hastings (1066)", "Norman victory that began Norman rule of England" ], [ "Domesday Book", "Survey of English land ordered by William in 1086" ], [ "Feudalism", "System where lords gave land in exchange for loyalty and service" ], [ "Lord", "Landowner who held power over a territory" ], [ "Vassal", "Person who held land from a lord and promised service" ], [ "Knight", "Mounted soldier who served a lord" ], [ "Chivalry", "Knightly code of bravery, courtesy and honor" ], [ "Squire", "Young man training to become a knight" ], [ "Page", "Boy who started training for knighthood" ], [ "Manor", "Lord's estate with a village and farmland" ], [ "Serf", "Peasant bound to the land and to a lord" ], [ "Peasant", "Farm worker who made up most of the population" ], [ "Three-field system", "Rotating crops across three fields to keep soil healthy" ], [ "Castle", "Fortified home of a lord" ], [ "Moat", "Ditch, often water-filled, around a castle" ], [ "Drawbridge", "Bridge over a moat that could be raised" ], [ "Keep", "Strong central tower of a castle" ], [ "Portcullis", "Heavy gate lowered to block a castle entrance" ], [ "Siege", "Surrounding a castle or town to force surrender" ], [ "Catapult", "Machine that hurled stones at walls" ], [ "Longbow", "Powerful bow used by English archers" ], [ "Armor", "Protective metal covering" ], [ "Roman Catholic Church", "Dominant church in western Europe during the Middle Ages" ], [ "Pope", "Head of the Catholic Church" ], [ "Monastery", "Home of monks who prayed, worked and copied books" ], [ "Monk", "Man who lives a religious life in a monastery" ], [ "Nun", "Woman who lives a religious life in a convent" ], [ "Illuminated manuscript", "Hand-copied book decorated with gold and colors" ], [ "Cathedral", "Large and important church" ], [ "Gothic architecture", "Style with pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses" ], [ "Stained glass", "Colored glass windows in churches" ], [ "Guild", "Association of craftsmen or merchants in a town" ], [ "Apprentice", "Young person learning a trade" ], [ "Charter", "Document granting rights to a town" ], [ "Magna Carta (1215)", "English charter limiting the king's power; signed by King John" ], [ "King John", "English king forced by barons to sign the Magna Carta" ], [ "Parliament", "English lawmaking body that grew from royal councils" ], [ "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "Powerful queen of France and later England" ], [ "Crusades", "Religious wars from 1095 to 1291, mainly to control Jerusalem" ], [ "Pope Urban II", "Called the First Crusade in 1095" ], [ "Saladin", "Muslim leader who retook Jerusalem in 1187" ], [ "Richard the Lionheart", "English king who led the Third Crusade" ], [ "Effects of the Crusades", "Increased trade and exchange of ideas between Europe and the Middle East" ], [ "Marco Polo's trip", "Italian merchant who traveled to China in the late 1200s" ], [ "Hanseatic League", "Alliance of northern European trading cities" ], [ "Black Death", "Plague that killed perhaps a third of Europeans, 1347-1351" ], [ "Bubonic plague", "Disease spread by fleas on rats, cause of the Black Death" ], [ "Effects of the Black Death", "Labor shortages gave surviving workers more bargaining power" ], [ "Hundred Years' War", "Long conflict between England and France, 1337-1453" ], [ "Joan of Arc", "French teenage heroine who helped lift the siege of Orleans in 1429" ], [ "Battle of Agincourt (1415)", "English longbowmen won against a larger French army" ], [ "Peasants' Revolt (1381)", "English uprising against taxes" ], [ "Reconquista", "Centuries-long effort by Christian kingdoms to retake Iberia" ], [ "Byzantine Empire", "Eastern Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinople" ], [ "Justinian", "Byzantine emperor who built Hagia Sophia and organized Roman law" ], [ "Hagia Sophia", "Great church in Constantinople completed in 537" ], [ "Fall of Constantinople (1453)", "Ottoman Turks captured the city, ending the Byzantine Empire" ], [ "Gutenberg", "Introduced the printing press with movable type in Europe around 1450" ], [ "Dante", "Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy" ], [ "Chaucer", "English author of The Canterbury Tales" ], [ "Thomas Aquinas", "Scholar who tried to combine faith and reason" ], [ "University", "Medieval schools in Bologna, Paris and Oxford grew into universities" ], [ "Tournament", "Contest where knights showed skill" ], [ "Heraldry", "System of coats of arms to identify families and knights" ], [ "Jester", "Entertainer at court, often wearing bright clothes" ], [ "Troubadour", "Poet-musician in southern France" ], [ "Dark Ages", "Old name for the early Middle Ages; many historians now avoid it" ], [ "Holy Roman Empire", "Union of German and central European lands under an emperor" ], [ "Otto I", "King crowned emperor in 962, starting the Holy Roman Empire" ], [ "Wat Tyler", "Leader of the Peasants' Revolt" ] ] }