{ "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-renaissance-reformation", "id": "world-renaissance-reformation", "title": "The Renaissance and Reformation", "category": "history", "subject": "World History", "levels": [ "6-8", "9-12" ], "description": "Rebirth of art and learning in Europe, the printing press and the Protestant Reformation.", "tags": [ "renaissance", "da vinci", "reformation", "printing press" ], "frontLabel": "Term or person", "backLabel": "What to know", "cards": [ [ "Renaissance", "French for 'rebirth'; era of new interest in art and learning in Europe, about 1300-1600" ], [ "Where it began", "Italy, in rich trading city-states like Florence" ], [ "Florence", "Italian city where the Renaissance flowered" ], [ "Medici family", "Rich Florence bankers who paid for many artists" ], [ "Lorenzo de' Medici", "Florentine ruler called the Magnificent, patron of artists" ], [ "Patron", "Person who gives money to support an artist" ], [ "Humanism", "Focus on human abilities and the study of classical texts" ], [ "Petrarch", "Italian scholar called the father of humanism" ], [ "Classical learning", "Study of ancient Greece and Rome" ], [ "Leonardo da Vinci", "Painter, inventor and scientist who painted the Mona Lisa" ], [ "Mona Lisa", "Famous portrait by Leonardo, now in the Louvre" ], [ "The Last Supper", "Leonardo's wall painting in Milan" ], [ "Michelangelo", "Artist who sculpted David and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling" ], [ "David (statue)", "Michelangelo's marble sculpture finished in 1504" ], [ "Sistine Chapel", "Chapel in the Vatican with Michelangelo's ceiling paintings" ], [ "Raphael", "Painter known for harmony, including The School of Athens" ], [ "Botticelli", "Painter of The Birth of Venus" ], [ "Donatello", "Sculptor who revived lifelike statues" ], [ "Brunelleschi", "Architect who built the dome of Florence Cathedral" ], [ "Perspective", "Technique that makes flat paintings look three-dimensional" ], [ "Realism", "Showing people and nature as they look" ], [ "Fresco", "Painting on wet plaster" ], [ "Sfumato", "Soft blending of tones used by Leonardo" ], [ "Artemisia Gentileschi", "Early Baroque painter, one of the first women to gain fame in Europe" ], [ "Sofonisba Anguissola", "Italian portrait painter who became a court painter in Spain" ], [ "Northern Renaissance", "Movement in northern Europe including Flanders and Germany" ], [ "Jan van Eyck", "Flemish painter who used oil paints in detailed scenes" ], [ "Albrecht Durer", "German artist famous for woodcuts and engravings" ], [ "Pieter Bruegel", "Flemish painter of village life" ], [ "Johannes Gutenberg", "Introduced movable-type printing in Europe around 1450" ], [ "Printing press", "Machine that made books cheaper and spread ideas fast" ], [ "Gutenberg Bible", "First major book printed with movable type in Europe" ], [ "Literacy", "More people learned to read once books were cheaper" ], [ "William Shakespeare", "English playwright, 1564-1616" ], [ "Hamlet", "A Shakespeare tragedy about a Danish prince" ], [ "Globe Theatre", "London playhouse where many Shakespeare plays were staged" ], [ "Miguel de Cervantes", "Spanish author of Don Quixote" ], [ "Machiavelli", "Italian writer of The Prince, about power" ], [ "Thomas More", "English writer of Utopia" ], [ "Erasmus", "Dutch scholar who urged church reform and good education" ], [ "Copernicus", "Proposed in 1543 that Earth moves around the Sun" ], [ "Galileo", "Used a telescope to observe moons of Jupiter and supported the Sun-centered view" ], [ "Johannes Kepler", "Described planets' elliptical orbits" ], [ "Vesalius", "Anatomist who wrote an accurate book on the human body in 1543" ], [ "Scientific Revolution", "Era when new ways of studying nature using observation and experiments grew" ], [ "Reformation", "16th-century movement to reform the Catholic Church, leading to Protestant churches" ], [ "Martin Luther", "German monk who began the Reformation in 1517" ], [ "95 Theses", "Luther's list of complaints about church practices, 1517" ], [ "Indulgence", "Church-granted forgiveness of penalties for sin, which Luther criticized" ], [ "Protestant", "Christians who left the Catholic Church in the Reformation" ], [ "Lutheranism", "Church that followed Luther's teachings" ], [ "John Calvin", "French reformer who worked in Geneva" ], [ "Henry VIII", "English king who broke with Rome and formed the Church of England" ], [ "Church of England", "Created in the 1530s with the king as its head" ], [ "Elizabeth I", "English queen from 1558 to 1603; her era saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada" ], [ "Spanish Armada (1588)", "Failed Spanish invasion fleet defeated by England" ], [ "Counter-Reformation", "Catholic Church's reforms in response to the Protestant movement" ], [ "Council of Trent", "Church meeting (1545-1563) that set out Catholic reforms" ], [ "Jesuits", "Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, known for education" ], [ "Peace of Augsburg (1555)", "Let German princes choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their lands" ], [ "Thirty Years' War", "1618-1648 conflict in Europe, partly over religion" ], [ "Peace of Westphalia (1648)", "Ended the Thirty Years' War" ], [ "Vernacular", "Everyday language of a region; Luther translated the Bible into German" ], [ "Secular", "Not tied to religion" ], [ "Banking", "Renaissance banks in Italy helped trade and travel" ], [ "Merchant class", "Business people who gained wealth and influence" ], [ "City-state", "City and nearby land with its own rule, as in Italy" ], [ "Venice", "Wealthy trading city built on islands" ], [ "Chaucer vs Dante", "Dante wrote in Italian; Chaucer in English, helping vernacular writing" ], [ "Medici Bank", "Led the way in Renaissance banking" ], [ "Cathedral of Florence", "Topped by Brunelleschi's dome" ], [ "Vitruvian Man", "Leonardo's drawing of the ideal proportions of a man" ], [ "Anatomy", "Study of the body; artists studied it to paint lifelike figures" ], [ "Elizabethan Age", "Period of Queen Elizabeth I when English arts flourished" ] ] }