#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Renaissance French for 'rebirth'; era of new interest in art and learning in Europe, about 1300-1600 world-renaissance-reformation Where it began Italy, in rich trading city-states like Florence world-renaissance-reformation Florence Italian city where the Renaissance flowered world-renaissance-reformation Medici family Rich Florence bankers who paid for many artists world-renaissance-reformation Lorenzo de' Medici Florentine ruler called the Magnificent, patron of artists world-renaissance-reformation Patron Person who gives money to support an artist world-renaissance-reformation Humanism Focus on human abilities and the study of classical texts world-renaissance-reformation Petrarch Italian scholar called the father of humanism world-renaissance-reformation Classical learning Study of ancient Greece and Rome world-renaissance-reformation Leonardo da Vinci Painter, inventor and scientist who painted the Mona Lisa world-renaissance-reformation Mona Lisa Famous portrait by Leonardo, now in the Louvre world-renaissance-reformation The Last Supper Leonardo's wall painting in Milan world-renaissance-reformation Michelangelo Artist who sculpted David and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling world-renaissance-reformation David (statue) Michelangelo's marble sculpture finished in 1504 world-renaissance-reformation Sistine Chapel Chapel in the Vatican with Michelangelo's ceiling paintings world-renaissance-reformation Raphael Painter known for harmony, including The School of Athens world-renaissance-reformation Botticelli Painter of The Birth of Venus world-renaissance-reformation Donatello Sculptor who revived lifelike statues world-renaissance-reformation Brunelleschi Architect who built the dome of Florence Cathedral world-renaissance-reformation Perspective Technique that makes flat paintings look three-dimensional world-renaissance-reformation Realism Showing people and nature as they look world-renaissance-reformation Fresco Painting on wet plaster world-renaissance-reformation Sfumato Soft blending of tones used by Leonardo world-renaissance-reformation Artemisia Gentileschi Early Baroque painter, one of the first women to gain fame in Europe world-renaissance-reformation Sofonisba Anguissola Italian portrait painter who became a court painter in Spain world-renaissance-reformation Northern Renaissance Movement in northern Europe including Flanders and Germany world-renaissance-reformation Jan van Eyck Flemish painter who used oil paints in detailed scenes world-renaissance-reformation Albrecht Durer German artist famous for woodcuts and engravings world-renaissance-reformation Pieter Bruegel Flemish painter of village life world-renaissance-reformation Johannes Gutenberg Introduced movable-type printing in Europe around 1450 world-renaissance-reformation Printing press Machine that made books cheaper and spread ideas fast world-renaissance-reformation Gutenberg Bible First major book printed with movable type in Europe world-renaissance-reformation Literacy More people learned to read once books were cheaper world-renaissance-reformation William Shakespeare English playwright, 1564-1616 world-renaissance-reformation Hamlet A Shakespeare tragedy about a Danish prince world-renaissance-reformation Globe Theatre London playhouse where many Shakespeare plays were staged world-renaissance-reformation Miguel de Cervantes Spanish author of Don Quixote world-renaissance-reformation Machiavelli Italian writer of The Prince, about power world-renaissance-reformation Thomas More English writer of Utopia world-renaissance-reformation Erasmus Dutch scholar who urged church reform and good education world-renaissance-reformation Copernicus Proposed in 1543 that Earth moves around the Sun world-renaissance-reformation Galileo Used a telescope to observe moons of Jupiter and supported the Sun-centered view world-renaissance-reformation Johannes Kepler Described planets' elliptical orbits world-renaissance-reformation Vesalius Anatomist who wrote an accurate book on the human body in 1543 world-renaissance-reformation Scientific Revolution Era when new ways of studying nature using observation and experiments grew world-renaissance-reformation Reformation 16th-century movement to reform the Catholic Church, leading to Protestant churches world-renaissance-reformation Martin Luther German monk who began the Reformation in 1517 world-renaissance-reformation 95 Theses Luther's list of complaints about church practices, 1517 world-renaissance-reformation Indulgence Church-granted forgiveness of penalties for sin, which Luther criticized world-renaissance-reformation Protestant Christians who left the Catholic Church in the Reformation world-renaissance-reformation Lutheranism Church that followed Luther's teachings world-renaissance-reformation John Calvin French reformer who worked in Geneva world-renaissance-reformation Henry VIII English king who broke with Rome and formed the Church of England world-renaissance-reformation Church of England Created in the 1530s with the king as its head world-renaissance-reformation Elizabeth I English queen from 1558 to 1603; her era saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada world-renaissance-reformation Spanish Armada (1588) Failed Spanish invasion fleet defeated by England world-renaissance-reformation Counter-Reformation Catholic Church's reforms in response to the Protestant movement world-renaissance-reformation Council of Trent Church meeting (1545-1563) that set out Catholic reforms world-renaissance-reformation Jesuits Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, known for education world-renaissance-reformation Peace of Augsburg (1555) Let German princes choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their lands world-renaissance-reformation Thirty Years' War 1618-1648 conflict in Europe, partly over religion world-renaissance-reformation Peace of Westphalia (1648) Ended the Thirty Years' War world-renaissance-reformation Vernacular Everyday language of a region; Luther translated the Bible into German world-renaissance-reformation Secular Not tied to religion world-renaissance-reformation Banking Renaissance banks in Italy helped trade and travel world-renaissance-reformation Merchant class Business people who gained wealth and influence world-renaissance-reformation City-state City and nearby land with its own rule, as in Italy world-renaissance-reformation Venice Wealthy trading city built on islands world-renaissance-reformation Chaucer vs Dante Dante wrote in Italian; Chaucer in English, helping vernacular writing world-renaissance-reformation Medici Bank Led the way in Renaissance banking world-renaissance-reformation Cathedral of Florence Topped by Brunelleschi's dome world-renaissance-reformation Vitruvian Man Leonardo's drawing of the ideal proportions of a man world-renaissance-reformation Anatomy Study of the body; artists studied it to paint lifelike figures world-renaissance-reformation Elizabethan Age Period of Queen Elizabeth I when English arts flourished world-renaissance-reformation