Renaissance: French for 'rebirth'; era of new interest in art and learning in Europe, about 1300-1600 Where it began: Italy, in rich trading city-states like Florence Florence: Italian city where the Renaissance flowered Medici family: Rich Florence bankers who paid for many artists Lorenzo de' Medici: Florentine ruler called the Magnificent, patron of artists Patron: Person who gives money to support an artist Humanism: Focus on human abilities and the study of classical texts Petrarch: Italian scholar called the father of humanism Classical learning: Study of ancient Greece and Rome Leonardo da Vinci: Painter, inventor and scientist who painted the Mona Lisa Mona Lisa: Famous portrait by Leonardo, now in the Louvre The Last Supper: Leonardo's wall painting in Milan Michelangelo: Artist who sculpted David and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling David (statue): Michelangelo's marble sculpture finished in 1504 Sistine Chapel: Chapel in the Vatican with Michelangelo's ceiling paintings Raphael: Painter known for harmony, including The School of Athens Botticelli: Painter of The Birth of Venus Donatello: Sculptor who revived lifelike statues Brunelleschi: Architect who built the dome of Florence Cathedral Perspective: Technique that makes flat paintings look three-dimensional Realism: Showing people and nature as they look Fresco: Painting on wet plaster Sfumato: Soft blending of tones used by Leonardo Artemisia Gentileschi: Early Baroque painter, one of the first women to gain fame in Europe Sofonisba Anguissola: Italian portrait painter who became a court painter in Spain Northern Renaissance: Movement in northern Europe including Flanders and Germany Jan van Eyck: Flemish painter who used oil paints in detailed scenes Albrecht Durer: German artist famous for woodcuts and engravings Pieter Bruegel: Flemish painter of village life Johannes Gutenberg: Introduced movable-type printing in Europe around 1450 Printing press: Machine that made books cheaper and spread ideas fast Gutenberg Bible: First major book printed with movable type in Europe Literacy: More people learned to read once books were cheaper William Shakespeare: English playwright, 1564-1616 Hamlet: A Shakespeare tragedy about a Danish prince Globe Theatre: London playhouse where many Shakespeare plays were staged Miguel de Cervantes: Spanish author of Don Quixote Machiavelli: Italian writer of The Prince, about power Thomas More: English writer of Utopia Erasmus: Dutch scholar who urged church reform and good education Copernicus: Proposed in 1543 that Earth moves around the Sun Galileo: Used a telescope to observe moons of Jupiter and supported the Sun-centered view Johannes Kepler: Described planets' elliptical orbits Vesalius: Anatomist who wrote an accurate book on the human body in 1543 Scientific Revolution: Era when new ways of studying nature using observation and experiments grew Reformation: 16th-century movement to reform the Catholic Church, leading to Protestant churches Martin Luther: German monk who began the Reformation in 1517 95 Theses: Luther's list of complaints about church practices, 1517 Indulgence: Church-granted forgiveness of penalties for sin, which Luther criticized Protestant: Christians who left the Catholic Church in the Reformation Lutheranism: Church that followed Luther's teachings John Calvin: French reformer who worked in Geneva Henry VIII: English king who broke with Rome and formed the Church of England Church of England: Created in the 1530s with the king as its head Elizabeth I: English queen from 1558 to 1603; her era saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada Spanish Armada (1588): Failed Spanish invasion fleet defeated by England Counter-Reformation: Catholic Church's reforms in response to the Protestant movement Council of Trent: Church meeting (1545-1563) that set out Catholic reforms Jesuits: Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, known for education Peace of Augsburg (1555): Let German princes choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their lands Thirty Years' War: 1618-1648 conflict in Europe, partly over religion Peace of Westphalia (1648): Ended the Thirty Years' War Vernacular: Everyday language of a region; Luther translated the Bible into German Secular: Not tied to religion Banking: Renaissance banks in Italy helped trade and travel Merchant class: Business people who gained wealth and influence City-state: City and nearby land with its own rule, as in Italy Venice: Wealthy trading city built on islands Chaucer vs Dante: Dante wrote in Italian; Chaucer in English, helping vernacular writing Medici Bank: Led the way in Renaissance banking Cathedral of Florence: Topped by Brunelleschi's dome Vitruvian Man: Leonardo's drawing of the ideal proportions of a man Anatomy: Study of the body; artists studied it to paint lifelike figures Elizabethan Age: Period of Queen Elizabeth I when English arts flourished Free flashcards from Peabody at peabody.kids/flashcards/world-renaissance-reformation