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Earth's Layers and Landforms
The layers of Earth, the atmosphere, and common landforms.
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- CrustTermEarth's thin, rocky outer layer
- MantleTermThe thick layer of hot rock beneath the crust
- Outer coreTermA layer of liquid iron and nickel
- Inner coreTermA solid ball of iron and nickel at Earth's center
- Which Earth layer is thickest?TermThe mantle
- Which Earth layer is thinnest?TermThe crust
- Continental crustTermThe thicker crust that makes up the continents
- Oceanic crustTermThe thinner, denser crust under the oceans
- MohoTermThe boundary between the crust and mantle
- TroposphereTermThe lowest layer of the atmosphere, where weather happens
- StratosphereTermThe atmosphere layer above the troposphere, holding the ozone layer
- MesosphereTermThe layer where most meteors burn up
- ThermosphereTermThe layer where auroras happen and the space station orbits
- ExosphereTermThe outermost atmosphere layer fading into space
- Ozone layerTermA layer that absorbs harmful ultraviolet light
- HydrosphereTermAll the water on Earth
- LithosphereTermEarth's rigid outer shell
- BiosphereTermAll living things on Earth
- AtmosphereTermThe blanket of gases around Earth
- Percent of Earth covered by water, aboutTerm71 percent
- Percent of Earth's water that is salty, aboutTerm97 percent
- MountainTermA very high landform with steep sides
- HillTermA raised landform lower than a mountain
- ValleyTermLow land between hills or mountains
- CanyonTermA deep valley with steep sides, often cut by a river
- PlateauTermA high, flat landform
- PlainTermA large flat area of land
- MesaTermA flat-topped hill with steep sides
- ButteTermA small, steep-sided hill with a flat top
- PeninsulaTermLand surrounded by water on three sides
- IslandTermLand completely surrounded by water
- IsthmusTermA narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses
- ArchipelagoTermA group of islands
- DeltaTermLand built up where a river empties into a larger body of water
- CapeTermA point of land that sticks out into water
- BayTermPart of the sea that curves into the land
- GulfTermA large bay
- StraitTermA narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water
- LakeTermA body of water surrounded by land
- RiverTermA large stream flowing to a lake or sea
- TributaryTermA stream that flows into a larger river
- Source of a riverTermWhere a river begins
- Mouth of a riverTermWhere a river ends
- WatershedTermThe area of land that drains into a river
- DuneTermA hill of sand made by wind
- CaveTermA natural hollow in rock or ground
- CliffTermA steep rock face
- GlacierTermA large, slow-moving river of ice
- IcebergTermA large floating piece of ice broken from a glacier
- OasisTermA fertile spot in the desert with water
- ReefTermA ridge of coral or rock near the surface of the sea
- AtollTermA ring-shaped coral island
- FjordTermA long, narrow sea inlet between steep cliffs
- TundraTermA cold treeless plain
- PrairieTermA large grassy plain
- BasinTermA low area where water collects
- ElevationTermHeight above sea level
- Topographic mapTermA map showing the shape and height of land with contour lines
- Contour lineTermA line on a map connecting points of equal elevation
- LongitudeTermDistance east or west of the Prime Meridian
- LatitudeTermDistance north or south of the Equator
- EquatorTermThe imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude around Earth's middle
- AxisTermThe imaginary line Earth spins around
- RotationTermEarth spinning, one turn each day
- RevolutionTermEarth traveling around the Sun, one trip each year
- Earth's axial tiltTermAbout 23.5 degrees
- Cause of the seasonsTermEarth's tilted axis as it orbits the Sun
- SolsticeTermThe day with the most or least daylight in a year
- EquinoxTermA day when day and night are nearly equal
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