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Statistics Terms
Descriptive and inferential statistics vocabulary, from mean and median to confidence intervals.
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- DataTermFacts or measurements that have been collected
- PopulationTermThe whole group you want to learn about
- SampleTermA smaller group taken from the population
- Random sampleTermA sample where every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen
- BiasTermA systematic error that tilts results in one direction
- SurveyTermA way of collecting data by asking people questions
- CensusTermA survey of every member of the population
- VariableTermA characteristic that can take different values
- Categorical dataTermData sorted into groups or namesEye color
- Numerical (quantitative) dataTermData that are numbers you can measure or count
- Discrete dataTermData that can only take separate values, like counts
- Continuous dataTermData that can take any value in a range, like height
- MeanTermSum of all values divided by how many values
- MedianTermMiddle value of ordered data
- ModeTermMost frequently occurring value
- RangeTermMaximum minus minimum
- OutlierTermA value far away from the rest of the data
- QuartileTermOne of three values that split ordered data into four equal parts
- Q1 (first quartile)TermThe median of the lower half of the data
- Q3 (third quartile)TermThe median of the upper half of the data
- Interquartile range (IQR)TermQ3 − Q1
- Five-number summaryTermMinimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum
- Outlier rule (1.5 × IQR)TermValues below Q1 − 1.5·IQR or above Q3 + 1.5·IQR are flagged as outliers
- PercentileTermThe value below which a given percent of data fall
- VarianceTermThe average squared distance from the mean
- Standard deviationTermThe square root of variance; typical distance from the mean
- Z-scoreTermHow many standard deviations a value is from the mean: (x − mean)/s
- FrequencyTermHow many times a value occurs
- Relative frequencyTermFrequency divided by the total count
- Cumulative frequencyTermA running total of frequencies
- HistogramTermA bar graph for numerical data grouped into intervals
- Box plot (box-and-whisker)TermA graph of the five-number summary
- Dot plotTermA graph with a dot above a number line for each data value
- Stem-and-leaf plotTermA table that splits each value into a stem and a leaf
- Scatter plotTermA graph of ordered pairs showing how two variables relate
- Bar graphTermA graph using separate bars to compare categories
- Pie chartTermA circle graph that shows parts of a whole
- Line graphTermA graph that connects points to show change over time
- Symmetric distributionTermThe left and right sides mirror each other
- Skewed rightTermA longer tail on the right; mean is usually greater than median
- Skewed leftTermA longer tail on the left; mean is usually less than median
- Normal distributionTermA symmetric bell-shaped distribution
- Empirical ruleTermAbout 68%, 95% and 99.7% of normal data fall within 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations of the mean
- CorrelationTermA measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship
- Correlation coefficient (r)TermA number from −1 to 1 measuring linear correlation
- Positive correlationTermAs one variable increases, so does the other
- Negative correlationTermAs one variable increases, the other decreases
- Correlation vs. causationTermTwo things moving together does not prove one causes the other
- Line of best fitTermA line drawn to match the trend in a scatter plot
- RegressionTermA method for fitting a model to describe how one variable depends on another
- ResidualTermActual value minus predicted value
- ExtrapolationTermPredicting beyond the range of the data
- InterpolationTermPredicting between known data points
- Hypothesis testTermA procedure for deciding whether data support a claim
- Null hypothesisTermThe default claim that nothing special is going on
- P-valueTermThe probability of results at least as extreme as observed if the null hypothesis is true
- Confidence intervalTermA range of values likely to contain the true population value
- Margin of errorTermThe amount added and subtracted from an estimate to form an interval
- Sampling distributionTermThe distribution of a statistic over many samples
- Central limit theoremTermSample means tend toward a normal shape as sample size grows
- Control groupTermThe group in an experiment that does not get the treatment
- Random assignmentTermUsing chance to place subjects in experiment groups
- Observational studyTermA study that observes without assigning treatments
- ExperimentTermA study where researchers assign treatments
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