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Ancient and Classical India
The Indus Valley, the Maurya and Gupta empires, major religions and ideas from India.
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75 cards
- Indus RiverTermRiver in South Asia where an early civilization grew
- Indus Valley CivilizationTermEarly culture in today's Pakistan and India, about 2600-1900 BCE
- HarappaTermOne of the main cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
- Mohenjo-daroTermMajor Indus city with a planned layout and a Great Bath
- Great BathTermLarge water tank found at Mohenjo-daro
- Grid planTermStreets laid out in straight lines, as in Indus cities
- Indus scriptTermSymbols on seals that have not yet been decoded
- SealTermSmall stone with an image used to mark goods
- DrainageTermIndus cities had covered drains for waste water
- MonsoonTermSeasonal wind that brings heavy rains to South Asia
- HimalayasTermMountains north of the Indian subcontinent
- Ganges RiverTermSacred river in northern India
- SubcontinentTermA large landmass that is part of a continent, like India
- Vedic periodTermEra following the Indus cities when the Vedas were composed
- VedasTermOldest sacred texts of Hinduism
- SanskritTermAncient language of India used in sacred and scholarly writing
- HinduismTermReligion with many gods and ideas like karma and dharma
- BrahmanTermHindu idea of the universal spirit
- KarmaTermIdea that actions have consequences
- DharmaTermDuty or right way of living
- ReincarnationTermBelief that souls are reborn in new lives
- MokshaTermRelease from the cycle of rebirth
- UpanishadsTermTexts about the nature of the self and the universe
- MahabharataTermLong epic poem that includes the Bhagavad Gita
- Bhagavad GitaTermSection of the Mahabharata; a conversation about duty
- RamayanaTermEpic poem about Rama and Sita
- Caste systemTermDivision of society into groups by birth
- VarnaTermFour traditional groupings: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras
- DalitsTermPeople historically outside the caste system, once called untouchables
- Siddhartha GautamaTermPrince who became the Buddha, about 500s-400s BCE
- BuddhaTermMeans 'awakened one'
- Four Noble TruthsTermBuddhist teaching about suffering and how to end it
- Eightfold PathTermBuddhist guide to right living
- NirvanaTermPeace beyond suffering in Buddhism
- Bodh GayaTermPlace where the Buddha is said to have gained enlightenment
- JainismTermReligion that strongly stresses nonviolence
- MahaviraTermTeacher who formed Jainism's main teachings
- AhimsaTermPrinciple of not harming living beings
- MahajanapadasTermSixteen early Indian kingdoms and republics
- Alexander in IndiaTermAlexander the Great reached the Indus region in 326 BCE
- Chandragupta MauryaTermFounded the Maurya Empire, about 321 BCE
- Maurya EmpireTermFirst empire to unite most of India
- AshokaTermMaurya emperor who embraced Buddhism and nonviolence
- Ashoka's edictsTermMessages carved on pillars and rocks about fair rule
- ChakravartinTermWheel-turning ruler, an ideal king
- ArthashastraTermAncient book on government and strategy, linked to Kautilya
- PataliputraTermCapital of the Maurya Empire
- Gupta EmpireTermDynasty from about 320 to 550 CE, called a golden age
- Chandragupta ITermFounder of the Gupta Empire
- KalidasaTermGreat Sanskrit poet and playwright of the Gupta era
- AryabhataTermMathematician and astronomer who wrote about zero and Earth's rotation
- ZeroTermNumber concept developed in India that made modern math easier
- Decimal systemTermCounting in base ten, developed in India
- Hindu-Arabic numeralsTermThe digits 0 to 9 that came from India and spread through the Arab world
- ChessTermGame that began in India as chaturanga
- Iron pillar of DelhiTermAncient pillar that has hardly rusted
- Ajanta cavesTermRock-cut Buddhist caves with paintings
- Ellora cavesTermRock-cut temples of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths
- StupaTermDome-shaped Buddhist monument
- SushrutaTermAncient Indian physician known for surgery
- AyurvedaTermTraditional Indian system of medicine
- YogaTermPractice of body, breath and mind that began in India
- Spice tradeTermPepper and other spices from India were traded to many lands
- Silk Road in IndiaTermIndian goods like cotton, spices and gems moved along trade routes
- Delhi SultanateTermMuslim rulers in northern India, 1206-1526
- Mughal EmpireTermEmpire founded by Babur in 1526 that ruled much of India
- AkbarTermMughal emperor known for religious tolerance and a strong government
- Shah JahanTermMughal emperor who built the Taj Mahal
- Taj MahalTermWhite marble tomb in Agra built in the 1600s
- British East India CompanyTermTrading company that gained great power in India
- Mahatma GandhiTermLed India's nonviolent independence movement
- Indian independence (1947)TermIndia gained freedom from British rule and was partitioned into India and Pakistan
- Partition (1947)TermDivision of British India into India and Pakistan
- DiwaliTermFestival of lights, celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains
- SikhismTermReligion founded by Guru Nanak in the 1400s in Punjab
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