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Citation Styles and Research Writing
How MLA, APA and Chicago work, plus the vocabulary of citing sources.
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- CitationTermA reference to the source of information or ideas you use
- BibliographyTermA list of sources consulted for a work
- Annotated bibliographyTermA source list with a short summary and evaluation of each entry
- Works CitedTermMLA's list of sources actually cited
- ReferencesTermAPA's list of sources cited
- In-text citationTermA brief reference inside the text pointing to the full source
- FootnoteTermA note at the bottom of the page giving a source or comment
- EndnoteTermA note collected at the end of a chapter or paper
- MLATermModern Language Association style, common in the humanities
- APATermAmerican Psychological Association style, common in social sciences
- Chicago styleTermStyle with notes-bibliography and author-date forms, common in history
- TurabianTermA student version of Chicago style
- IEEE styleTermNumbered citation style used in engineering and computing
- AMA styleTermAmerican Medical Association style, used in medicine
- MLA in-text formatTermAuthor's last name and page number, like (Smith 45)
- APA in-text formatTermAuthor's last name and year, like (Smith, 2020)
- Chicago notes formatTermA superscript number linking to a footnote
- Hanging indentTermReference entries where the first line is flush left and later lines are indented
- Alphabetical orderTermReference lists are usually sorted by author's last name
- Title caseTermCapitalizing major words in a title
- Sentence caseTermCapitalizing only the first word and proper nouns in a title
- Italicize book titlesTermLong works such as books and journals are italicized
- Quotation marks for articlesTermShort works such as articles and poems go in quotation marks
- DOITermDigital object identifier, a stable link to a scholarly work
- URLTermThe web address of an online source
- Access dateTermDate you viewed an online source, used where required
- Et al.TermLatin for 'and others', used for works with many authors
- Ibid.TermLatin for 'in the same place', used in some note styles
- Direct quotationTermUsing an author's exact words, in quotation marks
- ParaphraseTermRestating an idea in your own words, still with a citation
- SummaryTermA shorter version of the main points of a source, with a citation
- Block quotationTermA long quote set apart in an indented block
- EllipsisTermThree dots showing omitted words in a quotation
- Brackets in quotationsTermUsed to add or change words within a quote
- PlagiarismTermUsing someone else's words or ideas without credit
- Common knowledgeTermWidely known facts that usually need no citation
- Primary sourceTermOriginal evidence from the time, like a letter or data
- Secondary sourceTermAnalysis or interpretation of primary sources
- Tertiary sourceTermA summary of other sources, like an encyclopedia
- Scholarly sourceTermWork written by experts and reviewed by peers
- Peer reviewTermEvaluation of a work by other experts before publication
- CredibilityTermHow trustworthy a source is
- CRAAP testTermCurrency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose: a checklist for sources
- Thesis statementTermA sentence stating the main argument of a paper
- AbstractTermA short summary of a paper
- Literature reviewTermA survey of existing research on a topic
- Research questionTermThe question a paper sets out to answer
- AnnotationTermA note explaining or commenting on a source
- DatabaseTermAn organized collection of articles and records
- Keyword searchTermSearching by important words
- Boolean operatorsTermAND, OR and NOT used to combine search terms
- Citation generatorTermA tool that formats citations; always check the results
- MLA 9 core elementsTermAuthor, title, container, contributors, version, number, publisher, date, location
- Container (MLA)TermThe larger work holding a source, like a journal or website
- APA 7 title pageTermTitle, author, affiliation, course, instructor and date
- Running headTermA shortened title at the top of pages
- HeaderTermText at the top of each page, often a name and page number
- Double spacingTermStandard line spacing in academic papers
- Font choicesTermCommonly 12-point Times New Roman or similar readable fonts
- MarginsTermTypically one inch on all sides
- Page numbersTermPlaced in the header in most styles
- AppendixTermExtra material placed at the end of a paper
- Parenthetical citationTermA citation in parentheses
- Signal phraseTermWords introducing a quotation, like 'According to Smith'
- AttributionTermGiving credit to the source of a statement
- Fair useTermLimited use of copyrighted material for purposes like education
- CopyrightTermLegal protection of an author's original work
- Public domainTermWorks no longer under copyright
- Creative CommonsTermLicenses allowing sharing under stated conditions
- GhostwritingTermHaving someone else write work you present as yours
- Self-plagiarismTermReusing your own previous work without disclosure
- PatchwritingTermAltering a source's words only slightly, which is still plagiarism
- Works ConsultedTermSources used for background but not cited
- Secondary citationTermCiting a source you read about in another source, noted as 'as cited in'
- Anonymous authorTermBegin the entry with the title when no author is listed
- Corporate authorTermAn organization listed as the author
- EditionTermA particular published version of a book
- VolumeTermOne book in a multi-part work or journal year
- IssueTermOne numbered release of a journal
- PaginationTermPage numbers of a work
- PublisherTermThe company that makes a work public
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