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Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups
Names and structures of common functional groups.
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- AlkaneGroupOnly C-C single bonds; saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2)
- AlkeneGroupContains a C=C double bond
- AlkyneGroupContains a C-C triple bond
- Aromatic ringGroupCyclic ring with delocalized pi electrons, like benzene
- Alkyl halideGroupR-X where X is F, Cl, Br or I
- AlcoholGroupR-OH; a hydroxyl on a saturated carbon
- PhenolGroupOH group attached directly to an aromatic ring
- EtherGroupR-O-R'; oxygen between two carbons
- EpoxideGroupA three-membered ring containing oxygen
- ThiolGroupR-SH; sulfur analog of alcohol
- Sulfide (thioether)GroupR-S-R'
- DisulfideGroupR-S-S-R'
- AldehydeGroupRCHO; carbonyl at the end of a carbon chain
- KetoneGroupR-CO-R'; carbonyl between two carbons
- Carboxylic acidGroupR-COOH
- EsterGroupR-COO-R'
- AmideGroupR-CO-NR2; carbonyl bonded to nitrogen
- Acid chlorideGroupR-COCl; very reactive acid derivative
- Acid anhydrideGroupTwo acyl groups joined through an oxygen
- NitrileGroupR-C triple bond N
- AmineGroupNitrogen bonded to carbon with lone pair; basic
- Primary amineGroupRNH2
- Secondary amineGroupR2NH
- Tertiary amineGroupR3N
- Quaternary ammoniumGroupN bonded to four carbons with positive charge
- ImineGroupC=N double bond
- Nitro groupGroupR-NO2
- AzideGroupR-N3
- CarbonylGroupC=O double bond
- HydroxylGroup-OH group
- CarboxylGroup-COOH group
- AminoGroup-NH2 group
- MethylGroup-CH3
- EthylGroup-CH2CH3
- PropylGroup-CH2CH2CH3
- IsopropylGroup-CH(CH3)2
- ButylGroupFour-carbon chain group
- tert-ButylGroup-C(CH3)3
- VinylGroup-CH=CH2
- AllylGroup-CH2-CH=CH2
- PhenylGroup-C6H5
- BenzylGroup-CH2-C6H5
- AcetylGroup-COCH3
- CycloalkaneGroupAlkane arranged in a ring
- DieneGroupTwo double bonds
- Conjugated dieneGroupDouble bonds separated by one single bond
- CumuleneGroupConsecutive double bonds
- EnolGroupA C=C bonded to an OH
- EnolateGroupAnion formed by removing the alpha proton from a carbonyl
- HemiacetalGroupA carbon bonded to both OH and OR
- AcetalGroupA carbon bonded to two OR groups
- LactoneGroupA cyclic ester
- LactamGroupA cyclic amide
- Peptide bondGroupAmide bond linking amino acids
- Glycosidic bondGroupLinkage between sugar units
- Phosphate esterGroupEster formed with phosphoric acid
- Sulfonic acidGroupR-SO3H
- IsocyanateGroupR-N=C=O
- HydrazineGroupN-N single bond derivative
- CarbamateGroupR-O-CO-NR2
- UreaGroupCarbonyl bonded to two nitrogens
- HeterocycleGroupA ring containing at least one atom other than carbon
- PyridineGroupSix-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen
- FuranGroupFive-membered aromatic ring with one oxygen
- PyrroleGroupFive-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen
- ThiopheneGroupFive-membered aromatic ring with one sulfur
- Priority of groups in namingGroupAcids > esters > amides > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines
- IUPAC suffix -olGroupAlcohol
- IUPAC suffix -alGroupAldehyde
- IUPAC suffix -oneGroupKetone
- IUPAC suffix -oic acidGroupCarboxylic acid
- IUPAC suffix -oateGroupEster
- IUPAC suffix -amideGroupAmide
- IUPAC suffix -amineGroupAmine
- IUPAC suffix -nitrileGroupNitrile
- IUPAC suffix -eneGroupAlkene
- IUPAC suffix -yneGroupAlkyne
- Chirality centerGroupA carbon bonded to four different groups
- EnantiomersGroupNon-superimposable mirror image molecules
- DiastereomersGroupStereoisomers that are not mirror images
- Constitutional isomersGroupSame formula, different connectivity
- R/S configurationGroupLabels for chirality using CIP priority rules
- E/Z configurationGroupLabels for alkene geometry using CIP rules
- Hydrogen bond donorGroupN-H or O-H group
- Hydrophilic groupGroupA polar group that interacts with water
- Hydrophobic groupGroupA nonpolar group that avoids water
- Degree of unsaturationGroupRings plus pi bonds in a molecule
- Markovnikov's ruleGroupIn HX addition to alkenes, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens
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