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The Enlightenment and Age of Revolutions
Thinkers and revolutions that reshaped ideas about government and rights in the 1600s-1800s.
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71 cards
- EnlightenmentTerm or person18th-century movement that valued reason, science and individual rights
- Age of ReasonTerm or personAnother name for the Enlightenment
- John LockeTerm or personEnglish thinker who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty and property
- Natural rightsTerm or personRights people have simply by being human
- Social contractTerm or personIdea that governments get their power from agreement with the governed
- Thomas HobbesTerm or personWrote Leviathan; argued people need a strong ruler to avoid chaos
- MontesquieuTerm or personFrench thinker who urged separation of powers
- Separation of powersTerm or personDividing government into branches so none has too much power
- VoltaireTerm or personFrench writer who defended freedom of speech and religion
- Jean-Jacques RousseauTerm or personWrote The Social Contract; said the general will of the people should rule
- Mary WollstonecraftTerm or personWrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
- Adam SmithTerm or personWrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), about markets and free trade
- Isaac NewtonTerm or personDescribed gravity and the laws of motion
- Scientific RevolutionTerm or personEra of new discoveries in astronomy, physics and medicine
- SalonsTerm or personGatherings where thinkers discussed ideas
- EncyclopediaTerm or personDiderot edited a French encyclopedia collecting knowledge
- Enlightened despotsTerm or personRulers who followed some Enlightenment ideas but kept power, like Catherine the Great
- Absolute monarchyTerm or personGovernment where a king or queen has total power
- Louis XIVTerm or personFrench Sun King, ruled 1643-1715, built Versailles
- VersaillesTerm or personGrand palace outside Paris
- English Civil WarTerm or person1642-1651 conflict between king and Parliament
- Glorious Revolution (1688)Term or personParliament replaced King James II with William and Mary peacefully
- English Bill of Rights (1689)Term or personLimited the monarch's power and protected Parliament's rights
- Constitutional monarchyTerm or personKing or queen with powers limited by law
- American RevolutionTerm or personColonies won independence from Britain, 1775-1783
- French RevolutionTerm or person1789 uprising that ended the monarchy in France
- EstatesTerm or personThree social groups in France: clergy, nobles and everyone else
- Third EstateTerm or personCommon people, the vast majority of the French population
- Estates-GeneralTerm or personFrench assembly called in 1789 that began the Revolution
- National AssemblyTerm or personGroup formed by the Third Estate in 1789
- Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)Term or personCrowd attacked a Paris prison, a symbol of royal power
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the CitizenTerm or person1789 French document of rights
- Liberty, equality, fraternityTerm or personSlogan of the French Revolution
- Louis XVITerm or personFrench king executed in 1793
- Marie AntoinetteTerm or personQueen of France, executed in 1793
- GuillotineTerm or personDevice used for executions during the Revolution
- Reign of Terror (1793-94)Term or personPeriod of extreme violence led by Robespierre
- RobespierreTerm or personRevolutionary leader of the Terror, later executed
- Napoleon BonaparteTerm or personArmy general who took power in France in 1799
- Napoleonic CodeTerm or personFrench legal code that spread ideas of legal equality
- Emperor NapoleonTerm or personCrowned himself emperor in 1804
- Battle of Waterloo (1815)Term or personNapoleon's final defeat, in Belgium
- Duke of WellingtonTerm or personBritish commander who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
- Congress of Vienna (1815)Term or personEuropean leaders tried to restore order after Napoleon
- Haitian RevolutionTerm or personEnslaved people in Haiti rebelled and won independence in 1804
- Toussaint LouvertureTerm or personLeader of the Haitian Revolution
- HaitiTerm or personFirst nation led by formerly enslaved people to win independence
- Simon BolivarTerm or personLed independence movements in northern South America
- Jose de San MartinTerm or personLed liberation efforts in Argentina, Chile and Peru
- Miguel HidalgoTerm or personPriest who began Mexico's fight for independence in 1810
- Mexican independenceTerm or personMexico gained independence from Spain in 1821
- Brazil's independenceTerm or personDeclared in 1822 by Pedro I
- Revolutions of 1848Term or personUprisings across Europe demanding liberal reforms
- NationalismTerm or personStrong pride in one's nation
- Unification of ItalyTerm or personItaly became one kingdom in 1861 with leaders like Garibaldi and Cavour
- Giuseppe GaribaldiTerm or personItalian general who led volunteers to take Sicily and Naples in 1860
- Otto von BismarckTerm or personPrussian statesman who united Germany in 1871
- German Empire (1871)Term or personFormed after the Franco-Prussian War
- LiberalismTerm or personBelief in individual freedom and limited government
- ConservatismTerm or personBelief in tradition and gradual change
- RomanticismTerm or personArt and literature stressing feeling, nature and imagination
- Abolition of slave tradeTerm or personBritain banned the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in its empire in 1833
- William WilberforceTerm or personBritish politician who campaigned against the slave trade
- Olympe de GougesTerm or personFrench writer of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791)
- Tennis Court OathTerm or personThird Estate members swore in 1789 not to separate until France had a constitution
- BourgeoisieTerm or personMiddle class of merchants and professionals
- Sans-culottesTerm or personWorking-class Parisian revolutionaries
- DirectoryTerm or personFive-man government that ruled France from 1795 to 1799
- Metric systemTerm or personCreated in revolutionary France, based on tens
- Catherine the GreatTerm or personRussian empress (1762-1796) who corresponded with Voltaire
- Frederick the GreatTerm or personKing of Prussia, supporter of the arts and reforms
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