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The Industrial Revolution
Machines, factories, railroads, cities and reforms from the late 1700s through the 1800s.
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72 cards
- Industrial RevolutionTerm or personShift from hand-made goods to machine production, starting in Britain in the 1700s
- Why Britain firstTerm or personCoal and iron, capital, colonies, rivers and stable government
- Textile industryTerm or personCloth-making; the first big factory industry
- Spinning jennyTerm or personJames Hargreaves's machine (about 1764) that spun many threads at once
- Water frameTerm or personRichard Arkwright's water-powered spinning machine
- Power loomTerm or personEdmund Cartwright's machine for weaving cloth
- Cotton ginTerm or personEli Whitney's 1793 invention for cleaning cotton
- Flying shuttleTerm or personJohn Kay's 1733 loom improvement
- Steam engineTerm or personMachine that turns heat into motion; James Watt improved it in the 1770s
- James WattTerm or personScottish engineer who made the steam engine efficient
- Thomas NewcomenTerm or personBuilt an early steam engine for pumping water from mines
- CoalTerm or personMain fuel of the Industrial Revolution
- Iron and steelTerm or personKey materials for machines, rails and bridges
- Abraham DarbyTerm or personFound a way to smelt iron using coke
- Bessemer processTerm or personMethod for cheap, large-scale steel production from the 1850s
- Factory systemTerm or personWorkers gather in one place to use powered machines
- Division of laborTerm or personSplitting a job into small steps, each done by a different worker
- Interchangeable partsTerm or personStandard-sized pieces that fit any copy of a product
- Mass productionTerm or personMaking goods in large numbers
- Assembly lineTerm or personWorkers add parts as a product moves down a line
- LocomotiveTerm or personSelf-moving steam engine for pulling trains
- George StephensonTerm or personBritish engineer who built early railways and the Rocket locomotive
- RailroadTerm or personRail line for trains; sped trade and travel
- SteamboatTerm or personRobert Fulton made steamboats practical in 1807
- CanalsTerm or personMan-made waterways for moving goods
- TelegraphTerm or personSamuel Morse's electrical message system, 1840s
- TelephoneTerm or personAlexander Graham Bell's 1876 patent
- Electric lightTerm or personThomas Edison developed a practical bulb in 1879
- Alternating currentTerm or personElectric current type championed by George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla
- Michael FaradayTerm or personScientist who discovered electromagnetic induction
- Second Industrial RevolutionTerm or personLate 1800s boom in steel, oil, chemicals and electricity
- UrbanizationTerm or personMovement of people from farms to cities
- SlumsTerm or personCrowded poor neighborhoods
- Working conditionsTerm or personFactory work meant long hours, low pay and danger
- Child laborTerm or personChildren worked in factories and mines
- Factory ActsTerm or personBritish laws limiting working hours, especially for children
- Trade unionTerm or personGroup of workers organizing for better conditions
- LudditesTerm or personWorkers who destroyed machines that threatened their jobs, 1811-1816
- CapitalismTerm or personEconomic system of private ownership and profit
- SocialismTerm or personIdea that workers or the community should own the means of production
- Karl MarxTerm or personWrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels
- Charles DickensTerm or personNovelist who wrote about poverty in Victorian England
- Middle classTerm or personGrowing group of factory owners, managers and professionals
- Working classTerm or personPeople who work in factories and mills
- Public healthTerm or personCities built sewers and clean water supplies after outbreaks like cholera
- John SnowTerm or personPhysician who traced a London cholera outbreak in 1854 to a water pump
- Edward JennerTerm or personCreated the smallpox vaccine in 1796
- Louis PasteurTerm or personShowed that germs cause disease and developed vaccines
- Florence NightingaleTerm or personNurse who improved hospital hygiene in the Crimean War
- Agricultural RevolutionTerm or personBetter farming methods that freed workers for factories
- EnclosureTerm or personFencing in common land, which pushed many farmers off the land
- Seed drillTerm or personJethro Tull's machine for planting seeds in rows
- Crop rotationTerm or personChanging crops each year to keep soil rich
- ReaperTerm or personCyrus McCormick's machine for harvesting grain (1830s)
- Spread to AmericaTerm or personSamuel Slater built a cotton mill in Rhode Island in 1790
- Lowell mill girlsTerm or personYoung women who worked in Massachusetts textile mills
- Industrial JapanTerm or personJapan rapidly industrialized after the Meiji Restoration of 1868
- ImperialismTerm or personStrong nations taking control of other lands to get materials and markets
- Raw materialsTerm or personNatural resources like cotton, rubber and metal used to make goods
- Great Exhibition (1851)Term or personShowcase of industry held in London's Crystal Palace
- Crystal PalaceTerm or personIron-and-glass building made for the Great Exhibition
- Suez Canal (1869)Term or personCanal across Egypt linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea
- Transcontinental railroadTerm or personUS railroad completed in 1869
- Trans-Siberian RailwayTerm or personRussian railroad begun in 1891 linking Moscow to the Pacific
- Standard timeTerm or personRailroads led to time zones, set in the US in 1883
- Department storeTerm or personNew kind of large store that appeared in cities
- Consumer goodsTerm or personProducts bought by ordinary people
- PatentTerm or personGovernment grant giving an inventor sole rights to an invention
- Telegraph cableTerm or personTransatlantic cable first worked in 1858 and was reliable by 1866
- OilTerm or personDrilled in Pennsylvania in 1859; later fueled engines
- Internal combustion engineTerm or personEngine that burns fuel inside cylinders to power cars
- AutomobileTerm or personKarl Benz built an early practical car in 1885-86
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